Array and Wearable Antennas; Design, Optimization, and Applications

✍ Scribed by Puran Gour & Nagendra Singh & Rajesh Kumar Nema & Ravi Shankar Mishra & Ashish Kumar Srivastava

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 248
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The text highlights the designing of efficient, wearable, and textile antennas for medical and wireless applications. It further discusses antenna design for the Internet of Things, biomedical, and 5G applications. The book presents machine learning and deep learning techniques for antenna design and analysis. It also covers radio frequency, micro-electromechanical systems, and nanoelectromechanical systems devices for smart antenna design.

This book

Explores wearable reconfigurable antennas for wireless communication and provide the latest technique in term of its structure, defective ground plane, and fractal design

Focuses on current and future technologies related to antenna design, and channel characterization for different communication links, and applications

Discusses machine learning techniques for antenna design and analysis

Demonstrates how nano patch antenna resonates at multiple frequencies by varying the chemical potential

Covers the latest antenna technology for microwave sensors, and for fiber optical sensor communications

It is primarily for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and communications engineering

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editor’s biography
List of contributors
Chapter 1: Antenna design for IoT and biomedical applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Motivation for the research work
1.3 Existing work done
1.4 Software tools
1.5 The proposed method and result analysis
1.6 Conclusion and future work
References
Chapter 2: Design of microstrip antenna for multipurpose wireless communication
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Types of antenna
2.2.1 Wire antenna
2.2.2 Aperture antennas
2.2.3 Microstrip antennas
2.2.4 Reflector antenna
2.2.5 Array antennas
2.2.6 Lens antennas
2.3 Microstrip patch antenna
2.3.1 Types of microstrip antennas
2.3.1.1 Microstrip patch antenna
2.3.1.2 Printed dipole antenna
2.3.1.3 Microstrip or printed slot antenna
2.3.1.4 Microstrip traveling-wave antennas
2.4 Feeding techniques
2.4.1 Coaxial feed/probe coupling
2.4.2 Microstrip feed
2.4.3 Proximity coupled feed
2.4.4 Aperture coupled feed
2.5 Designing and results
2.5.1 Design specification
2.5.1.1 Formulation
2.5.1.2 Designing of ground plane
2.5.1.3 Feeding points
2.5.1.4 Design considerations
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Analysis and simulation of standard gain 18–40 GHz frequency band horn antenna
3.1 Introduction of antennas
3.1.1 The systemic communications
3.2 The history of antennas
3.2.1 Definition of antenna
3.2.2 Radiation pattern
3.2.3 Gain of antenna
3.2.4 Polarization
3.2.4.1 Gain of antenna polarization
3.3 Effects of polarization
3.3.1 Reflectivity
3.3.2 Multi-path
3.3.3 Antennas with high gain and bandwidth
3.3.4 Reflector antennas
3.3.5 Lens antennas
3.3.6 Yagi-Uda antennas
3.3.7 Log periodic dipole array
3.3.8 Horn antennas
3.4 Objective of research
3.4.1 Microwave frequency
3.4.2 Microwaves with band
3.4.2.1 L-band
3.4.2.2 S-band
3.4.2.3 C-band
3.4.2.4 X-band
3.4.2.5 High frequency
3.4.2.6 K-band and Ka-band
3.5 Horn antenna
3.5.1 Waveguides
3.5.2 Types of wave-guide
3.5.2.1 Circular waveguides
3.5.2.2 Elliptical waveguides
3.5.2.3 Ridged waveguides
3.5.2.4 Rectangular waveguide
3.6 Horn antenna design formula
3.6.1 Horn antenna design
3.6.2 Horn dimension
3.6.3 Design procedure of horn antenna
3.7 Simulation results
3.7.1 Reflection coefficient and VSWR
3.7.2 Radiation pattern
3.7.3 Gain and directivity
3.8 Conclusion
3.9 Future Aspects
References
Chapter 4: Antenna design for IoT and 5G applications: Advancements, challenges, and future perspectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of antenna used in IoT and 5G
4.2.1 Monopole antennas
4.2.2 Patch antennas
4.2.3 Dipole antennas
4.2.4 Helical antennas
4.2.5 Yagi-Uda antennas
4.2.6 Planar inverted-F antennas (PIFA)
4.2.7 Phased array antennas
4.2.8 Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas
4.3 Performance parameters
4.3.1 Data rate
4.3.2 Latency
4.3.3 Coverage
4.3.4 Device density
4.3.5 Power consumption
4.3.6 Scalability
4.4 Antenna design parameter in context of IOT and 5G
4.4.1 Radiation pattern
4.4.2 Gain
4.4.3 Bandwidth
4.4.4 Efficiency
4.4.5 Polarization
4.4.6 Impedance matching
4.4.7 Size and form factor
4.5 Antenna design constraint for IOT and 5G applications
4.5.1 Size and form factor
4.5.2 Frequency range and bandwidth
4.5.3 Radiation pattern
4.5.4 Multi-technology coexistence
4.5.5 Power consumption
4.5.6 Environmental and operating conditions
4.5.7 Regulatory compliance
4.6 Algorithm for antenna design
4.7 Future directions
4.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Machine learning-driven antenna design: Optimizing performance and exploring design possibilities
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature review
5.3 ML techniques used in antenna design
5.3.1 Neural networks
5.3.2 Genetic algorithms
5.3.3 Finite Element Method (FEM) and machine learning
5.3.4 Reinforcement learning
5.3.5 Generative adversarial networks (GANs)
5.4 Steps to apply machine learning techniques in antenna design
5.4.1 Define the problem
5.4.2 Data collection
5.4.3 Pre-process the data
5.4.4 Feature engineering
5.4.5 Model selection
5.4.6 Model training
5.4.7 Model evaluation
5.4.8 Optimization and design exploration
5.4.9 Model validation
5.4.10 Knowledge transfer and future improvements
5.5 Benefits of using ML techniques in antenna design
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Antenna design exploration and optimization using machine learning
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Machine learning
6.3 Antenna
6.3.1 Microstrip patch antenna
6.4 Software description
6.4.1 Python
6.4.2 CST studio suite
6.5 Applications
6.6 Methodology
6.6.1 Design of a microstrip patch antenna
6.6.2 Design parameters for patch antenna
6.6.3 Simulation
6.6.4 Selection and loading
6.6.5 Data preprocessing
6.6.6 Splitting data in to train data and test data
6.6.7 Prediction
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Machine learning technique for antennas design and analysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background
7.2.1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
7.2.2 Introduction to machine learning
7.2.2.1 Machine learning applications
7.2.3 Introduction to deep learning
7.2.4 The relationship between AI, ML, and DL
7.2.5 Various machine learning paradigms (algorithms, models, types)
7.3 Literature review
7.3.1 Related techniques to design antenna using machine learning
7.3.2 Related techniques to design antenna using deep learning
7.4 Antenna design
7.4.1 Antenna design overview
7.4.2 Antenna design requirements
7.4.3 Machine earning techniques for antenna design
7.4.4 Deep learning techniques for antennas design
7.5 Antenna analysis
7.5.1 Overview of antenna analysis
7.5.2 Machine learning techniques for antennas analysis
7.5.3 Deep learning techniques for antennas analysis
7.5.4 Antenna design and analysis software tools
7.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Design of implantable antenna for biomedical applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Antenna
8.2.1 Why is an antenna array necessary?
8.2.2 Array antenna
8.2.3 Design of array antennas
8.2.4 Operation of array antenna
8.2.5 Kinds of array antenna
8.2.5.1 Broadside array
8.2.5.2 End-fire array
8.2.5.3 Collinear array
8.2.5.4 Parasitic array
8.2.6 Advantages of array antenna
8.2.7 Disadvantages of array antenna
8.3 Wearable antenna
8.3.1 Challenges of wearable antennas
8.3.2 Types of wearable antenna
8.3.2.1 Wideband dipole antenna
8.3.2.2 Slot antenna
8.3.2.3 Loop antenna
8.4 Advantagesof wearable antenna
8.4.1 Measures the body’s parameters
8.4.2 Navigation and tracing
8.4.3 Public security
8.4.4 Versatile and portable
8.4.5 Low costs
8.4.6 Compact style
8.5 Issues/disadvantages of wearable antenna
8.5.1 Closeness to the person’s body
8.5.2 Extremely low volumes
8.6 The application of wearable antenna
8.7 IoT and medical applications of wearable microstrip antennas
8.7.1 Design of wearable microstrip antennas
8.7.2 Benefits of using microstrip antennas
8.7.3 Microstrip antennas have drawbacks
8.8 Biomedical application of wearable antenna
8.9 Objectives of wearable antenna in healthcare monitor
8.10 Wireless biotelemetry
8.10.1 Base station
8.10.2 Channel
8.10.3 Person’s body
8.10.4 Insulations and packing
8.10.5 Electricity and electronics
8.10.6 Wearable antennas (Wireless Body Area Networks)
8.11 Categories of biomedical devices
8.11.1 Wireless on-body or wearable gadgets
8.11.2 Devices utilized in the body
8.12 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Circular shaped 1×2 and 1×4 microstrip patch antenna array for 5G Wi-Fi network
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Literature survey
9.3 Methodology
9.4 Resonant frequency of the circular microstrip patch antenna
9.5 The input impedance of the circular MPA
9.6 Antenna array factor for a circular MPA-A
9.7 Results and analysis
9.7.1 1×2 MPA array design
9.7.2 1×4 MPA array design
9.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Microstrip antenna for 5G wireless systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Overview of microstrip antenna
10.2.1 Antenna parameters
10.2.2 Radiation intensity
10.2.3 Gain
10.2.4 Antenna efficiency
10.2.5 Voltage standing wave ratio
10.3 Arbitrary patch shaped microstrip antenna
10.4 Modified circular-shaped microstrip patch antenna
10.5 Introduction to microstrip patch antenna with arbitrary shape field analysis
10.6 Field evaluation of perturbed patch profiles
10.7 Circular patch antenna (ϕ = 0°)
10.8 Arbitrary shaped antenna (ϕ = −45°)
10.9 Arbitrary shaped antenna (ϕ = −180°)
10.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Design and analysis of a high bandwidth patch antenna loaded with superstrate and double-L shaped parasitic components
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 A review of antennas
11.1.2 The history of the antenna
11.1.3 An antenna’s objective
11.1.4 Components of an antenna
11.1.5 Media potency Haz anchoring and radiation
11.1.6 Polarization
11.1.7 A micro-strip antenna is used
11.2 Literature review
11.3 Design methodology
11.3.1 Geometry of antennas (Design 1)
11.3.2 Geometry of antennas (Design 2)
11.3.3 Section 3 of antenna geometry (Design 3)
11.4 Antenna design 1 results
11.4.1 Return loss
11.4.2 Radiation pattern
11.4.3 VSWR
11.4.4 Gain
11.5 Result of antenna design 2
11.5.1 Mention loss
11.5.2 Pattern of radiation
11.5.3 VSWR
11.6 Antenna design results 3
11.6.1 Mention loss
11.6.2 Pattern of radiation
11.6.3 VSWR
11.6.3.1 Gain
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Bandwidth enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using metamaterials
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Designing microstripantennas using metamaterial
12.2.1 Mathematical analysis
12.2.2 Designing of the metamaterial structure
12.3 Antenna design by using IE3D software
12.4 Simulation and results
12.5 Validation
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Recent trends in 3D printing antennas
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Printing technology (3D) for antennas
13.1.2 Modelling of fused deposition
13.1.3 Stereolithography
13.1.4 Polyjet technology for 3D printers
13.1.5 Direct laser sintering of metal
13.1.6 Binder jet 3D printing
13.2 Printed 3D antennas
13.3 Lens antennas
13.4 Metal 3D printing
13.4.1 Direct metal 3D printing
13.5 Ceramic antennas for 3D printing
13.6 3D printed ceramic antennas
13.7 Composite material in 3D printing
13.8 Conclusion
13.9 Challenges and prospects
References
Index