Cover
Archaeology
Contents
Preface
Introduction: The Nature and Aims of Archaeology
Part I
The Framework of Archaeology
1 The Searchers: The History of Archaeology
The Speculative Phase
The Beginnings of Modern Archaeology
Classification and Consolidation
A Turning Point in Archaeology
World Archaeology
Summary
Further Reading
2 What Is Left? The Variety of the Evidence
Types of Archaeological Evidence
Formation Processes
Cultural Formation ProcessesβHow People Have Affected What Survivesin the Archaeological Record
Natural Formation ProcessesβHow Nature Affects What Survives in the Archaeological Record
The Archaeological Record and Context
Summary
Further Reading
3 Where? Survey and Excavation of Sites and Features
Discovering Archaeological Sites and Features
Assessing the Layout of Sites and Features
Excavation
Summary
Further Reading
4 When? Dating Methods and Chronology
Relative Dating
Stratigraphy
Typology
Linguistic Dating
Climate Change and Chronology
Absolute Dating
Calendars and Historical Chronologies
Dendrochronology andAnnual Cycles
Radioactive Clocks
Other Absolute Dating Methods
Genetic Dating
Chronological Correlations
World Chronology
Summary
Further Reading
Part II Discovering the Variety of Human Experience
5 How Were Societies Organized? Social Archaeology
Scale of the Society
Investigating Hierarchies
Collective Works and Communal Action
Heterarchies
Economic Specialization
Centralized Societies
Settlements and Territories
Further Sources of Information for Social Organization
The Archaeology of the Individual and of Identity
Summary
Further Reading
6 What was the Environment?Environmental Archaeology
Investigating Environments on a Global Scale
Studying the Landscape: Geoarchaeology
Reconstructing the Plant Environment
Reconstructing the Animal Environment
Reconstructing the Human Environment
Summary
Further Reading
7 What Did They Eat? Subsistence and Diet
Information from Plant Remains
Information from Animal Remains
Evidence of Animal-Resource Exploitation
Assessing Diet from Human Remains
Summary
Further Reading
8 How Did They Make and Use Tools? Technology and Material Culture
Unaltered Materials: Stone
Other Unaltered Materials
Synthetic Materials
Archaeometallurgy
Summary
Further Reading
9 What Contact Did They Have?Trade and Exchange
The Study of Interaction
Finding the Sources of Traded Goods: Characterization
The Study of Distribution
The Study of Production
The Study of Consumption
Exchange and Interaction: The Complete System
Summary
Further Reading
10 What Did They Think? Cognition, Art, and Religion
The Evolution of Human Symbolizing Faculties
How Symbols Were Used
Writing
Establishing Place: The Location of Memory
Measuring the World
Planning: Maps for The Future
Symbols of Organization and Power
Symbols for the "OtherWorld": The Archaeology of Religion
Depiction: Art and Representation
Music and Cognition
Mind and Material Engagement
Summary
Further Reading
11 Who Were They? What Were They Like? The Bioarchaeology of People
Identifying Physical Attributes
Assessing Human Abilities
Disease, Deformity, and Death
Assessing Nutrition
Population Studies
Diversity and Evolution
Identity and Personhood
Summary
Further Reading
12 Why Did Things Change Explanation in Archaeology
The Form of Explanation: General or Particular
Migrationist and Diffusionist Explanations
The Processual Approach
Applications of Processual Archaeology
Attempts at Explanation: One Cause or Several?
Postprocessual or Interpretive Explanation
Cognitive Archaeology
The Individual, Agency, and Material Engagement
Summary
Further Reading
Part III The World of Archaeology
13 Archaeology in Action: Five Case Studies
Oaxaca: The Origins and Rise of the Zapotec State
The Calusa of Florida: A Complex Hunter-Gatherer Society
Research Among Hunter-Gatherers: Upper Mangrove Creek, Australia
Khok Phanom Di: Rice Farming in Southeast Asia
York and the Public Presentation of Archaeology
Further Reading
14 Whose Past? Archaeology and the Public
The Meaning of the Past: The Archaeology of Identity
Archaeological Ethics
Community Archaeology
Popular Archaeology Versus Pseudoarchaeology
Who Owns the Past?
The Responsibility of Collectors and Museums
Summary
Further Reading
15 The Future of the Past: How to Manage the Heritage?
The Destruction of the Past
The Response: Survey, Conservation, and Mitigation
Heritage Management, Display, and Tourism
Who Interprets and Presents the Past?
The Past for All People and All Peoples
What Use Is the Past?
Summary
Further Reading
Glossary
Notes
Bibliography
Useful Websites
Acknowledgments
Illustration credits
Index
