Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Authorsβ Biographies
Chapter 1 Introduction and Concepts
1.1 A Short Review of Thermodynamics
1.1.1 System
1.1.2 Thermodynamic Laws
1.1.3 Temperature
1.1.4 Pressure
1.1.5 Intensive or Extensive?
1.1.6 Energy
1.1.7 Pure Substance
1.1.8 Ideal Gas
Chapter 2 Mass Balance
2.1 Mass Flow
2.2 Volumetric Flow
2.3 Mass Balance
2.4 Material Balance
Chapter 3 Energy Balance
3.1 Energy Balance
3.2 Energy Balance of Closed Systems
3.3 Thermophysical Properties
3.3.1 Specific Heats
3.3.2 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heat of Ideal Gases
3.3.3 Specific Heats of Liquids and Solids
3.3.4 Internal Energy Changes of Solids and Liquids
3.3.5 Enthalpy Changes of Solids and Liquids
Chapter 4 Entropy
4.1 Reversible and Irreversible Process
4.2 Irreversibility Factors
4.2.1 Friction
4.2.2 Free Expansion
4.2.3 Heat Transfer Due to Specific Temperature Difference
4.2.4 Mixing Two Different Materials
4.3 Internal and External Irreversibility
4.4 Entropy
4.4.1 Entropy Generation
4.4.2 The Principle of Increase of Entropy
4.5 Isentropic Process
4.6 Gibbs Equations
4.7 Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids
4.8 Entropy Change of Ideal Gas
4.9 Isentropic Processes in Ideal Gases
4.10 Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer
4.10.1 Heat Transfer
4.10.2 Mass Flow
4.11 Entropy Balance
Chapter 5 Exergy
5.1 Cycle
5.2 Thermal Engine
5.3 Carnot Cycle
5.3.1 Carnot Heat Engine
5.4 Exergy of Heat
5.5 Exergy of Work
5.6 Exergy of Mass
5.6.1 Exergy of Kinetic and Potential Energy
5.6.2 Physical Exergy of Constant Mass
5.6.3 Physical Exergy of Mass Flow
5.7 Exergy of Ideal Gas
5.8 Thermal and Mechanical Exergy of Mass Flow
5.9 Cold and Hot Exergy
5.10 Destruction of Exergy
5.11 Exergy Balance
Chapter 6 Thermodynamic Analyses in Unit Operations
6.1 Thermodynamic Analyses
6.2 Energy Analysis
6.3 Exergy Analysis
6.3.1 Definition of Fuel and Product for the System
6.3.2 Efficiency
6.4 System Losses
6.5 Application of Thermodynamics in the Food Industry
6.6 Thermophysical Properties of Materials
6.6.1 Specific Heat
6.6.2 Enthalpy
6.6.3 Specific Volume
6.6.4 Physical Exergy
6.7 Energy Analysis in Unit Operation
6.7.1 Heat Exchangers
6.7.2 Pumps
6.7.3 Mixing
6.7.4 Evaporators
6.7.5 Separators
6.7.6 Throttling Valves
6.7.7 Compressors
6.7.8 Steam Boilers
6.8 Reversible Work of Steady Flow
6.9 Isentropic Efficiency of Steady Flow Equipment
6.9.1 Isentropic Efficiency of the Pump
6.9.2 Compressor Isentropic Efficiency
6.10 Case Examples from the Food Industry
6.10.1 Evaporation of Raw Juice in the Concentrate Production Line
6.10.2 Exergy Analysis of Syrup Preheating Line
6.10.3 Exergy Analysis of Honey Pasteurization
Chapter 7 Psychrometrics and Drying
7.1 Mixture in Thermodynamics
7.1.1 Mole Fraction
7.1.2 Mass Fraction
7.2 Gas Mixtures
7.2.1 Dalton Model
7.2.2 Amagat Model
7.3 Properties of a Mixture of Ideal Gases
7.4 Analysis of Humid Air
7.4.1 Dew Point Temperature
7.4.2 Humidity Ratio, Specific Humidity, or Absolute Humidity
7.4.3 Relative Humidity
7.4.4 Enthalpy of Humid Air
7.4.5 Special Heat of Moist Air
7.5 Adiabatic Saturation Process
7.5.1 Conservation of Mass for Adiabatic Saturation Process
7.5.2 Conservation of Energy for Adiabatic Saturation Process
7.6 Psychrometry Chart
7.7 Thermodynamic Processes of Humid Air
7.7.1 Sensible Heating
7.7.2 Sensible Cooling
7.7.3 Adiabatic Mixing
7.8 Cooling Tower
7.8.1 Mass and Energy Balances
7.9 Exergy of Moist Air
7.9.1 Exergy Analysis of Simple Heating and Cooling Processes
7.9.2 Exergy Analysis of Adiabatic Mixing Process
7.9.3 Exergy Analysis of Cooling Tower
7.10 Drying
7.10.1 Drying Process
7.10.2 Drying Process by Convection Method
7.10.3 Types of Hot Air Dryers
7.10.4 Drying by Conduction
7.10.5 Vacuum Drying
7.10.6 Infrared Drying
7.10.7 Combined Methods
7.10.8 Freeze Drying
7.10.9 Equilibrium Equations for Continuous Dryers
Chapter 8 Exergy-Economic Analysis
8.1 Concepts of Exergy-Economic Analysis
8.1.1 Exergy Costing
8.1.2 Exergy-Economic Analysis Parameters
8.2 Heat Exchangers
8.3 Pumps
8.4 Mixing
8.5 Evaporators
8.6 Separators
8.7 Throttling Valves
References
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Index