Applied Grounding & Bonding - Based on the 2017 National Electrical Code

✍ Scribed by NJATC

• Publisher: American Technical Publishers
• Year: 2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 514
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Few topics are more important to an electrical installation and to an Electrical Worker than grounding and bonding. Proper, code-compliant grounding and bonding is essential for a safe electrical installation and will serve principal functions such as facilitating the operation of circuit overcurrent protective devices through a reliable, low-impedance and effective ground-fault current path as well as maintaining equipment at the same or close to the same potential as earth in addition to the surrounding conductive surfaces.
The textbook is uniquely designed to follow the installation the way a contractor and Electrical Worker would install the electrical grounding and bonding system in actual practice. Topics covered include "traditional" topics such as service, feeder, and branch circuit grounding and bonding, as well as more specialized topics such as grounding and bonding in health care facilities, hazardous locations, and lightning protection to name a few.
The information in this textbook simplifies mandatory requirements in the NEC related to electrical grounding and bonding while at the same time providing concise descriptions of what is actually intended to be accomplished through grounding and bonding. It is strongly advised that readers of this material have a copy of the latest edition of the National Electrical Code for reference and to promote strong application of the Code to these installations and systems.

✦ Table of Contents

Table of Contents
1 - Introduction
Grounding and Bonding for Safety
Earth in the Circuit
Grounding Concepts
Bonding Concepts
Minimizing Shock Hazards
Path for Current Through the Body
Grounding and Bonding Concepts Together
Performance Code Language
Electrical Systems
Summary
2 - Circuit Basics and Overcurrent Protection
Circuit Fundamentals
Ohm's Law
Opposition to Current in Circuits
Current in Circuits (Normal and Fault Current)
Overcurrent Protection Basics
Amperes Operate Overcurrent Protective Devices
Time and Current
Safety by System Design
Equipment Grounding Conductor Capacity
Summary
3 - Using the National Electrical Code
Building a Solid Foundation
NEC Arrangement and Application
Enforcement and Approvals
Requirements, Exceptions, Alternatives, and Information
Permissive Code Language
Explanatory Information
Bracketed Text
Defined Terms
Code-Making Panel Responsibilities
NEC Article 100 - Definitions of Grounding and Bonding Terms
Section 250.2 Definition
Article 200 - Use and Identification of Grounded Conductors
Article 250 - Arrangement and Use
Part I - General
Table 250.66 - Sizing Grounding Electrode Conductors
Table 250.102(C)(1) Sizing Grounded Conductors, Main Bonding Jumpers, System Bonding Jumpers, and Supply-Side Bonding Jumpers for Alternating-Current Systems
Table 250.122 - Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors
Special Occupancies, Equipment, and Conditions
Summary
4 - Grounding Electrodes and the Grounding Electrode System
Introduction
Grounding Electrode Defined
Purpose and Performance of Electrodes
Grounding Electrode System Requirements
Establishing a Grounding Electrode System
Mandatory Grounding Electrodes
Types of Grounding Electrodes
Grounding Electrode Installation Requirements
Lightning Protection Fundamentals
Summary
5 - Requirements for Grounded Conductors at Services
Grounded Utility Supply Systems
First Line of Defense
Grounding Scheme for Services
Grounded Conductor Routing and Connections
Main Bonding Jumpers in Service Equipment
Dual-Fed Service Equipment
Minimizing Impedance in Service Grounded Conductors
Functions (Purposes) of the Grounded Service Conductor
Grounded Neutral Conductor
Requirements for Service Equipment (Listing)
Grounded Conductor (Neutral) Disconnect Requirement for Services
Requirements for Services Supplied by Ungrounded Systems
Marking Equipment for Ungrounded Systems
Grounding of Service Raceways and Enclosures
Summary
6 - Grounding Electrode Conductors
Grounding Electrode Conductor Basics
Purpose of Grounding Electrode Conductors
Current in Grounding Electrode Conductors
Grounding Electrode Conductor Material
Sizing Grounding Electrode Conductors
Using Table 250.66
Grounding Electrode Conductors for DC Systems
Grounding Electrode Conductor Installation
Effectiveness (Integrity) of the Grounding Path
Grounding Electrode Conductor Connection Locations
Grounding Electrode Conductor Connections
Magnetic Field Concerns
Summary
7 - Bonding Requirements
Definitions of Bonding Terms
Bonding Performance Criteria
Maintaining Continuity
Bonding Connections (Wire-Type Conductors)
Cleaning Coated Surfaces
Bonding Jumper and Bonding Conductor Length
Equipment Bonding Jumpers (Function and Purpose)
Sizing Requirements for the Supply Side and Load Side Applications
Service Bonding Rules (Supply Side)
Reducing Washers
Boxes with Concentric or Eccentric Knockouts
Sizing Supply-Side Bonding Jumpers (Wire Types)
Load Side Bonding Rules
Bonding Around Expansion Fittings and Loose-Joined Metal Raceways
Bonding Other Metal Parts
Summary
8 - Equipment Grounding Conductors
Equipment Grounding Conductor Defined
Equipment Grounding Conductor Basics
Equipment Grounding Conductor Installations
Equipment Grounding Conductor Connections
Equipment Grounding Conductor Identification
Equipment Grounding Conductor Sizing
Current in Equipment Grounding Conductors
Summary
9 - Grounding Electrical Equipment
Purpose of Grounding Equipment
General Grounding Rules for Equipment
Conductor Enclosure and Raceway Grounding Requirements
Methods of Grounding Equipment (Part VII of Article 250)
Connections of Equipment Grounding Conductors
Receptacle Grounding Connections
Receptacle Replacements
Grounding Appliances Using the Grounded Conductor
Auxiliary Grounding Electrode Requirements
Grounding Nonelectrical Equipment
Equipment Grounded by Secure Metal Supports
Use of the Grounded Conductor for Grounding
Summary
10 - Isolated/Insulated Grounding Circuits and Receptacles
Electrical Noise in Grounding Circuits
Purpose of Isolated Grounding Circuits and Receptacles
Objectionable Currents in Grounding Paths
Power Quality System Grounding Analysis
Isolated Grounding Circuits
Use of Auxiliary Grounding Electrodes
Grounding and Bonding in Information Technology Centers
Signal Reference Structures (Grids)
Surge Protection
Summary
11 - Grounding at Separate Buildings or Structures
Definitions
Supplying Power to Separate Buildings or Structures
Purpose of Grounding and Bonding at Separate Buildings or Structures
Grounding Electrode Requirement
Grounding Electrode Conductor
Feeder and Branch Circuit Requirements
Ungrounded Systems Supplying Separate Buildings or Structures
Supplied by a Separately Derived System
Building Disconnecting Means Requirements
Metal Water Pipe Bonding and Other Bonding
Disconnecting Means Remote from Building or Structure
Buildings or Structures Supplied by Separately Derived Systems
Buildings or Structures Supplied by an Ungrounded System
Buildings or Structures Supplied by Generators
Summary
12 - Grounding Electrical Systems
Definitions
System Grounding
Methods of System Grounding
System Grounding Requirements
Mandatory System Grounding
Optional System Grounding
System Grounding Prohibition
High-Impedance Grounded Neutral Systems
Ungrounded Systems (Concepts)
Summary
13 - Grounding and Bonding for Separately Derived Systems
Definitions
Determining a Separately Derived System
Grounding Requirements
Grounded Systems
Grounding Electrodes
Bonding Water Piping and Building Steel
Outdoor Source
Ungrounded Systems
Generators and Transfer Equipment
Grounding DC Systems
Ungrounded DC Systems
Summary
14 - Special Occupancies and Conditions
Special Rules for Hazardous Locations
Special Rules for Health Care Facilities
Special Rules for Agricultural Installations
Mobile and Manufactured Home Grounding and Bonding Rules
Summary
15 - Grounding for Special Equipment
Purpose of Grounding Equipment
Electric Signs and Outline Lighting Systems
Electric Cranes and Elevators
Information Technology Equipment and Other Electronic Equipment
Sensitive Electronic Equipment
Grounding and Bonding Requirements for Swimming Pools and Similar Installations
Grounding Requirements for Solar PV Systems
Summary
16 - Grounding and Bonding for Communications Systems and Equipment
Performance and Concepts
Definitions
Grounding and Bonding Performance
Connecting to a Grounding Electrode
Grounding Electrode Conductor Installation
Intersystem Grounding and Bonding
Common Grounding and Bonding Rules for Communications Systems
Grounding and Bonding at Mobile Homes
Radio and Television Equipment and Antennas
Overvoltages and Lightning Events
Summary
17 - Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters and Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI)
Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment (GFPE)
Summary
18 - Grounding Rules for Medium- and High-Voltage Systems
Requirements for Grounding Systems
Grounding Methods for Systems Over 1 kV
Solidly Grounded Systems
Grounding Service-Supplied Alternating Current Systems
Impedance Grounding
Portable or Mobile Equipment Grounding
Grounding Equipment
Substation Grounding Requirements
Metal Structures and Fences
Conductor Shielding and Stress Reduction
Grounding Through Surge Arresters
Engineered Grounding System Designs
NEC Compliance
Engineered Plans and Specifications
Site Power Distribution Network
Site Grounding and Bonding Plan
Other Connected Sources
Impedance Grounded Neutral Systems
Common Grounding and Bonding Components
Grounding Triads
Summary
Annexes
A - Investigation and Testing of Footing-Type Grounding Electrodes for Electrical Installations
B - Steel Conduit and EMT for Equipment Grounding
C - Short Circuit Current Calculations
D - Chapter 9, Table 8 Conductor Properties
Index