Applied Electromagnetics and Electromagnetic Compatibility (Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering)

✍ Scribed by Dipak L. Sengupta, Valdis V. Liepa

• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
• Year: 2005
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 511
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Applied Electromagnetics and Electromagnetic Compatibility deals with Radio Frequency Interference (RFI), which is the reception of undesired radio signals originating from digital electronics and electronic equipment. With today's rapid development of radio communication, these undesired signals as well as signals due to natural phenomena such as lightning, sparking, and others are becoming increasingly important in the general area of Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC). EMC can be defined as the capability of some electronic equipment or system to be operated at desired levels of performance in a given electromagnetic environment without generating EM emissions unacceptable to other systems operating in the vicinity.

✦ Table of Contents

APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 General Considerations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Interference mechanisms
1.4 Examples
1.5 Discussion
References
2 The Electromagnetic Environment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Natural Noise
2.3 Man-Made Noise
2.4 CW and Transient Sources
2.5 Characteristic Parameters of Authorized Radiators
2.6 Noise Emission Intensity
2.7 Home Environment
2.8 Discussion of Noise Sources
2.9 Subject Matter of the Book
References
3 Fundamentals of Fields and Waves
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Parameters
3.3 Time Dependent Relations
3.3.1 Continuity of Current and Conservation of Charge
3.3.2 Faraday’s Law
3.3.3 Ampère’s Circuital Law
3.3.4 Lorentz Force Law
3.3.5 Maxwell’s Equations
3.3.6 Historical Comments on Maxwell’s Equations
3.3.7 Media Considerations
3.3.8 Boundary Conditions
3.3.9 Energy Flow and Poynting’s Theorem
3.3.10 Uniqueness Theorem
3.4 Harmonically Oscillating Fields
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Phasors
3.4.3 Time Harmonic Relations
3.4.4 Complex Permittivity
3.4.5 Boundary Conditions Again
3.4.6 Notes on the Solution
3.4.7 The Complex Poynting Theorem
3.5 The Wave Equation
3.5.1 Time Dependent Case
3.5.2 Time Harmonic Case
3.6 Uniform Plane Waves
3.6.1 General Considerations
3.6.2 Energy Considerations
3.6.3 Group Velocity
3.6.4 Summary
3.6.5 General Representation of TEM Waves
3.6.6 Plane Waves in Lossy Media
3.6.7 Skin Effect
3.6.8 Polarization of Plane Waves
3.7 Reflection and Refraction (Transmission) of Plane Waves
3.7.1 Normal Incidence on a Plane Interface
3.7.2 Oblique Incidence
References
Problems
4 Signal Waveform and Spectral Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classification of Signals
4.3 Energy Signals
4.3.1 Definitions
4.3.2 A Rectangular Pulse
4.4 Power Signals
4.4.1 Periodic Signals
4.4.2 Trapezoidal Waveform
4.5 Examples of Some Signals
References
Problems
5 Transmission Lines
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Discussion
5.3 Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Transmission Lines
5.4 Telegrapher’s Equations: Quasi-Lumped Circuit Model
5.5 Wave Equations
5.6 Frequency Domain Analysis
5.6.1 General Solution
5.6.2 Further Discussion of Propagation Constant and Characteristic Impedance
5.6.3 Voltage, Current, and Impedance Relations
5.7 Line Parameters
5.7.1 Coaxial Line
5.7.2 Parallel Wire Line
5.7.3 Parallel Plate Line
5.7.4 Circular Wire above a Ground Plane
5.7.5 Microstrip Line
5.7.6 Stripline
5.7.7 Comments
5.8 Transients on Transmission Lines
5.8.1 Initial and Final (Steady State) Values
5.8.2 Transient Values
5.9 Measurements
5.9.1 Slotted Line Measurements
5.9.2 Network Analyzer Measurement
References
Problems
6 Antennas and Radiation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Potential Functions
6.3 Radiation from a Short Current Element
6.3.1 Complete Fields
6.3.2 Near Zone and Far Zone Considerations
6.3.3 Near Zone and Far Zone Fields
6.3.4 Radiated Power and Radiation Pattern
6.3.5 Wave Impedance
6.4 Radiation from a Small Loop of Current
6.4.1 Complete Fields
6.4.2 Far Zone Fields
6.4.3 Radiated Power
6.4.4 Wave Impedance
6.5 Fundamental Antenna Parameters
6.5.1 Radiation lntensity
6.5.2 Directivity and Gain
6.6 Far Fields of Arbitrary Current Distributions
6.6.1 The Radiation Vector and the Far Fields
6.6.2 Vector Effective Length of an Antenna
6.6.3 Summary
6.7 Linear Antennas
6.7.1 Center-Fed Linear Antenna
6.7.2 Far Fields of a Dipole of Length l
6.7.3 Radiated Power and Directivity
6.7.4 Cosine, Sine, and Modified Cosine Integrals
6.7.5 The Half-Wave Dipole
6.8 Near Field and Far Field Regions
6.8.1 Basic Assumptions
6.8.2 Point or Small Sources
6.8.3 Extended Sources
6.8.4 Definitions of Various Regions
6.8.5 Specific Values of the Region Boundaries
6.9 Equivalent Circuits of Antennas
6.9.1 Transmitting Antenna
6.9.2 Receiving Antennas
6.9.3 Equivalent Area
6.10 Antenna Arrays
6.10.1 General Considerations
6.10.2 A Two-Element Array
6.11 Antennas Above Ground
6.11.1 Ground and Ground Plane
6.11.2 Image Theory
6.11.3 Images of Electric Current Elements above Perfect Ground
6.11.4 Dipoles above Ground
6.11.5 Monopole Antennas
6.12 Biconical Antenna
6.12.1 Biconical Transmission Line
6.12.2 Finite Biconical Antenna
References
Problems
7 Behavior of Circuit Components
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Series RLC Circuit
7.3 Definitions of Lumped Circuit Parameters R, L, and C
7.3.1 Circuit Theory Description
7.3.2 Field Theory Description
7.4 Round Wires
7.4.1 Resistance
7.4.2 Internal Inductance
7.5 External Inductance of Round Wire Configurations
7.5.1 General Relations
7.5.2 Circular Loops
7.6 Inductance of Straight Wires
7.6.1 Partial Inductance
7.6.2 Inductance of a Closed Rectangular Loop
7.7 Other Configurations
7.7.1 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Lines
7.7.2 Microstrip, Strip, and Coplanar Lines
7.8 Behavior of Circuit Elements
7.8.1 Bode Plots
7.8.2 Resistors
7.8.3 Capacitors
7.8.4 Inductors
References
Problems
8 Radiated Emissions and Susceptibility
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Main Requirements
8.3 Emissions from Linear Elements
8.4 Two Parallel Currents
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Two Parallel Currents
8.5 Transmission Line Models for Susceptibility
8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 Voltage Induced on the Two-Wire Transmission Line
References
9 Electromagnetic Shielding
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definitions
9.3 Shielding Effectiveness
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 SE Expressions for Computation
9.4 Shielding Effectiveness: Near Field Illumination
9.4.1 Electric and Magnetic Sources
9.4.2 SE Expressions: Near Zone Considerations
9.5 Discussion
9.5.1 Far Zone Fields
9.5.2 Near Zone Fields
References
10 Coupling between Devices
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Capacitive (Electric) Coupling [1, 3]
10.3 Magnetic (Inductive) Coupling
10.3.1 Some Basic Concepts
10.3.2 Shielding of the Receptor Conductor
References
11 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Accumulation of Static Charge on Bodies
11.3 Charging and Charge Separation
11.4 Human Body as Source of ESD
11.5 ESD Waveforms
11.6 Human Body Circuit Model
11.7 ESD Generator and ESD Test
References
12 EMC Standards
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Current US Standards
12.2.1 Introduction
12.2.2 FCC Radiated Emission Limits for Digital Devices
12.2.3 FCC Conducted Emission Limits for Digital Devices
12.3 EMI/EMC Standards: Non-US Countries
12.3.1 CISPR Standards
12.3.2 European Norms
References
13 Measurements of Emission
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General
13.3 Radiated Emissions
13.3.1 Introduction
13.3.2 Receiver
13.3.3 Antennas
13.3.4 Some Results
13.4 Conducted Emissions
13.4.1 Introduction
13.4.2 Noise on Power Supply Lines
13.4.3 Transients on Power Supply Lines
13.4.4 Conducted Emissions from a DUT
13.4.5 Some Results
References
Appendix A: Vectors and Vector Analysis
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Definitions of Scalar and Vector Fields
A.2.1 Scalar Fields
A.2.2 Vector Fields
A.3 Vector Algebra
A.3.1 Definitions
A.3.2 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
A.3.3 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar Quantity
A.3.4 Unit Vectors
A.3.5 Vector Displacement and Components of a Vector
A.4 Vector Surface Element
A.5 Product of Vectors
A.5.1 Dot Product of Two Vectors
A.5.2 The Cross Product of Two Vectors
A.5.3 Product of Three Vectors
A.6 Coordinate Systems
A.6.1 Three Basic Coordinate Systems
A.6.2 Space Variables and Base Vectors
A.7 Elementary Differential Relations
A.7.1 Rectangular System
A.7.2 Cylindrical and Spherical Systems
A.8 Transformation of Unit Vectors
A.9 Vector Calculus
A.9.1 Time Derivative of Vector A
A.9.2 Space Derivatives of a Vector A
A.9.3 Gradient of a Scalar Function
A.9.4 Flux of a Vector
A.9.5 Divergence of a Vector A
A.9.6 Curl of a Vector Function
A.10 The Laplacian D2 = D . D
A.11 Comments on Notation
A.12 Some Useful Relations
A.12.1 Vector Algebra
A.12.2 Vector Identities
A.12.3 Integral Relations
References
Problems
Appendix B: Frequency Band Designations
Appendix C: Constitutive Relations
Index