Content: Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Biomolecules
1.1 Energetics in Biology
1.1.1 Thermodynamic principles
1.1.2 Relationship between entropy (S), enthalpy (H), and free energy (E)
1.1.3 Entropy as driving force in chemical reactions
1.2 Water
1.2.1 The biologically significant molecular structure of water
1.2.2 Hydrogen bonding
1.2.3 Functional role of water in biology
1.3 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
1.3.1 Peptide bonds
1.3.2 Amino acids
1.3.3 Polypeptides
1.3.4 Proteins
1.4 Carbohydrates and Their Polymers
1.4.1 Monosaccharides. 1.4.2 Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides1.5 Nucleic Acids, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides
1.6 Fats and Phospholipids
1.6.1 Fats and oils
1.6.2 Phospholipids
Suggested Reading
References
Chapter 2. Cell Morphology
2.1 Cell Membrane
2.1.1 Phospholipid bilayer
2.1.2 Proteins
2.1.3 Cytoplasm
2.2 Membrane-Bound Organelles
2.2.1 Mitochondria
2.2.2 Lysosomes
2.2.3 Peroxisomes
2.2.4 Golgi apparatus
2.2.5 Endoplasmic reticulum
2.3 Nonmembrane-Bound Organelles
2.3.1 Ribosomes
2.3.2 Cytoskeleton
2.4 Nucleus
2.4.1 Nucleolus
2.5 Differences in Cells. 2.5.1 Plant cells compared to mammalian cells2.5.2 Prokaryotes
2.5.3 Tissue-specific language
Suggested Reading
References
Chapter 3. Enzyme Kinetics
3.1 Steady-State Kinetics
3.1.1 Derivation of the Michaelis-Menton equation
3.1.2 Interpretation of the steady-state kinetic parameters in single substrate/product systems
3.1.3 Analysis of experimental data
3.1.4 Multisubstrate systems
3.2 Enzyme Inhibition
3.2.1 Competitive inhibition
3.2.2 Noncompetitive inhibition
3.2.3 Uncompetitive inhibition
3.3 Cooperative Behavior in Enzymes
3.4 Covalent Regulation of Enzyme Activity. Suggested ReadingReferences
Chapter 4. Cellular Signal Transduction
4.1 Cellular Signaling
4.2 Receptor Binding
4.3 Signal Transduction via Nuclear Receptors
4.4 Signal Transduction via Membrane Receptors
4.4.1 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)
4.4.2 Protein-kinase-associated receptors
4.5 Signaling in Apoptosis
References
Chapter 5. Energy Conversion
5.1 Metabolism and ATP
5.2 Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
5.2.1 Glycolysis
5.2.2 Fermentation
5.2.3 Gluconeogenesis
5.2.4 Regulation of anaerobic respiration
5.3 Aerobic Respiration
5.3.1 Pyruvate oxidation
5.3.2 TCA cycle. 5.3.3 Electron transport5.3.4 Chemiosmosis and ATP synthesis
5.3.5 Usable energy
5.4 Photosynthesis
5.4.1 Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
5.4.2 Chloroplasts
5.4.3 Photosynthetic pigments
5.4.4 Z-scheme
5.4.5 Electron flow through the photosystems
5.4.6 Cyclic photophosphorylation
5.4.7 ATP synthesis
5.4.8 Summary of light-dependent reactions
5.5 Carbohydrate Synthesis
5.5.1 C[sub(3)] plants
5.5.2 Photorespiration
5.5.3 C[sub(4)] plants
5.5.4 CAM plants
Suggested Reading
Chapter 6. Cellular Communication
The READ Part of the Signaling Machinery.