Antimicrobial Materials for Biomedical Applications (ISSN)

✍ Scribed by Konda Reddy Kunduru (editor), Abraham J Domb (editor), Shady Farah (editor)

• Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 547
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

With the need to combat emerging infectious diseases, research around antimicrobial biomaterials and their applications is booming. This book provides the field with a much-needed fundamental overview of the science, addressing the chemistry of a broad range of biomaterial types, and their applications in the biomedical industry. Materials covered include polymers, from those with inherent antimicrobial activity to those that release antimicrobial agents, antimicrobial ceramics and inorganic compounds, such as metal based antimicrobial additives, and the developing field of biomimetic materials, are discussed. Surfaces, coatings and adhesives are covered, whilst the applications of these antimicrobial materials in biomedical applications, from catheters to orthopaedics, dentistry to ophthalmology, are explored.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1 Antimicrobial Materials—An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Antimicrobial Materials
1.2.1 Antimicrobial Polymers
1.2.2 Antimicrobial Nanomaterials
1.2.3 Antimicrobial Plastics
1.2.4 Antimicrobial Ceramics
1.3 Ideal Features of Antimicrobial Materials
1.4 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity
1.4.1 Effect of Molecular Weight
1.4.2 Effect of Counter Ions
1.4.3 Charge Density
1.4.4 Effect of Spacer Length and Alkyl Chain Length
1.4.5 pH Effect
1.4.6 Hydrophilicity
1.5 Methods to Evaluate Antimicrobial Properties
1.6 Clinical Trials
1.7 Conclusion and Future Developments
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 2 Introduction to Microbes and Infection in the Modern World
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 The Many Facets of Microbial Life
2.1.2 Bacteria
2.1.3 Archaea
2.1.4 Protists
2.1.5 Viruses and Prions
2.1.6 Fungi
2.2 Not All Microbes Are Bad
2.2.1 Microbes Are Utilized in Many Commercial Applications
2.2.2 Microbial Uses in Medicine
2.3 Evolution of Microbes with Humans
2.4 Biocontrol and the Importance of Commensal Microbes
2.5 Increases in Emerging Disease
2.6 Identified Medical Threats and Treatments in the Environment
2.6.1 Influences of Environment and Ecological Destruction on Compromised Healthcare
2.6.2 Environmental Influences on Improved Health and Healthcare
2.7 Increasing Burdens on Healthcare: PopulationExpansion, Urbanization, and Increasing Age of the General Human Populace
2.8 Approaching Challenges and Perceived Threats
2.8.1 Increased Disease Emergence Due to Modern Technology and Human Behavior
2.8.2 Resistance in Patient Care Facilities
2.9 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 3 Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Small Molecules
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Nanoparticles
3.1.2 Nanofibers
3.1.3 Dendrimers
3.1.4 Liposomes
3.1.5 Nanotubes
3.1.6 Films
3.2 Nanoparticles
3.2.1 Design Characteristics of Nanoparticles
3.2.2 Examples for Specific Nanoparticle-based Systems
3.3 Nanofibers
3.3.1 Methods of Preparation
3.3.2 Antibacterial Activity
3.3.3 Drug-release Kinetics of Antibacterial Nanofibers
3.4 Dendrimers
3.4.1 Characteristic Features
3.4.2 Synthesis of Dendrimers
3.4.3 Main Types of Antibacterial Dendrimers
3.5 Liposomes
3.6 Nanotubes
3.7 Films
3.7.1 Advantages of Drug- eluting Films
3.7.2 Preparation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Films
3.7.3 Examples of Antibacterial Films
3.8 Novel Concepts in Antibiotic- loaded Bioresorbable Films
3.8.1 Dense Structured Synthetic Films with Controlled Drug Location/Dispersion
3.8.2 Porous Synthetic Film Structures
3.8.3 Hybrid Synthetic-natural Films for Wound Healing Applications
3.8.4 Soy Protein Films
References
Chapter 4 Biomimetic Antimicrobial Polymers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Models of Antimicrobial Action
4.3 Antimicrobial Polymers with Flexible Backbones
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Synthetic Cationic Water-soluble Antimicrobial Polymers: An Alternative to Conventional Small-molecule Antibiotics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biocidal Polymers
5.2.1 Polyhexanide
5.2.2 Quaternary Ammonium Functionalized Polymers
5.2.3 Quaternary Phosphonium Functionalized Polymers
5.3 Synthetic Mimics of Antimicrobial Peptides
5.3.1 Polyamides
5.3.2 Polyurethanes
5.3.3 Chain Growth Polymers
5.3.4 Other Polymers
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Focal Drug Delivery for Management of Oral Infections
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biofilms and Oral Infections
6.2.1 Formation and Characteristics of Oral Biofilms
6.2.2 Biofilms and Oral Disease
6.2.3 The Challenge of Controlling Oral Biofilm
6.3 Focal Delivery Systems Against Periodontal and Peri-implant Infection
6.3.1 Traditional Periodontal and Peri-implant Therapy
6.3.2 Focal Controlled Agents in Periodontitis
6.3.3 Focal Controlled Agents in Peri-implantitits
6.4 Focal Delivery Systems Against Endodontic Infection
6.4.1 Canal Irrigation
6.4.2 Intracanal Medication
6.5 Focal Drug Agents Against Caries Lesions
6.5.1 Fluoride
6.5.2 Chlorhexidine
6.5.3 Triclosan
6.5.4 Calcium Phosphate
6.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Photodynamic Antimicrobial Polymers
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Photodynamic Antimicrobial Polymers—Important Factors for Optimal Antimicrobial Efficacy
7.2.1 Photosensitiser Class, Structure and Concentration
7.2.2 Light Source
7.2.3 Application Environment
7.3 Biomedical Device Applications
7.3.1 Catheters
7.3.2 Endotracheal Tubes
7.3.3 Intraocular Lenses
7.3.4 Oral and Dental Applications
7.3.5 Wound Dressings and Superficial Infection Management
7.3.6 Gastrointestinal Infections
7.4 Photoactive Antimicrobial Surfaces for Infection Control in Clinical Environments
7.4.1 Polymer Coatings and Films
7.4.2 Antimicrobial Textiles
7.4.3 Antimicrobial Polymeric Paints
7.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Antimicrobial Biomaterials in Ophthalmology
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Antiadhesive Biomaterials
8.3 Antimicrobial Biomaterials
8.3.1 Metallic Antimicrobials
8.3.2 Selenium
8.3.3 Antibiotics
8.3.4 Antimicrobial Peptides
8.3.5 Quorum-sensing Inhibitors—Fimbrolides and Dihydropyrrolones
8.3.6 Other Antimicrobial Strategies
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Metal-based Antimicrobials
9.1 Background and History of Metal-based Antimicrobials
9.1.1 Antibiotic Resistance Era
9.1.2 Metals and Their Biological Importance
9.1.3 A Brief History of Metal-based Antimicrobials
9.2 Mechanisms of Metal-based Antimicrobial (MBA) Toxicity to Bacteria
9.2.1 Metal Binding Affinity and Toxicity
9.2.2 Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
9.2.3 Proteins
9.2.4 Cell Membranes
9.2.5 Nutrient Uptake
9.2.6 DNA Damage and Mutation
9.2.7 Metal Nanoparticles
9.3 Current Applications of Metal- based Antimicrobials
9.4 Consequences of Using Metal- based Antimicrobials
9.4.1 Bacterial Resistance
9.4.2 Responsible Use ofMetal-based Antimicrobials
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10 Antimicrobial Quaternary Ammonium Polymers for Biomedical Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Biomedical Implants and the Problem of Infection
10.1.2 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds— Mechanism of Action
10.2 Antimicrobial Surface Strategies
10.2.1 Non-releasing Antimicrobial Polymeric Surfaces
10.2.2 Releasing Antimicrobial Polymeric Surfaces
10.3 Antimicrobial Polymers Synthesis and Modifications
10.3.1 Quaternary Ammonium-based Polymers
10.3.2 Antimicrobial QA-based Natural Polymers
10.3.3 Antimicrobial QA-based Biodegradable Polymers
10.3.4 Crosslinked Nanoparticles of Antimicrobial QA Polymers
10.4 Biomedical Application Summary
10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11 Polymer–Drug Conjugates for Treating Local and Systemic Fungal Infections
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Discovery of Antifungal Drugs
11.3 Polymer–Drug Conjugates
11.3.1 Importance of the Polymeric Backbone as Drug Carrier
11.3.2 Cell Uptake
11.3.3 Choice of Linkers
11.4 Natural Polymers
11.4.1 Arabinogalactan Conjugates
11.4.2 Gum Arabic Conjugates
11.4.3 Alginate Conjugates
11.4.4 Dextran Conjugates
11.4.5 Miscellaneous Conjugates
11.5 Synthetic Polymers
11.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Methods for Sterilization of Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sterilization Methods
12.2.1 Steam-autoclaving
12.2.2 Dry-heat Sterilization
12.2.3 Chemical Treatment—Ethylene Oxide
12.2.4 Gas Plasma—Hydrogen Peroxide
12.2.5 Radiation Process
12.2.6 Supercritical Fluid
12.3 Sterilization of Biopolymers
12.3.1 Other Natural Biopolymers
12.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Hydrogels
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification of Hydrogels Based on their Fabrication Strategies
13.3 Hydrogels with Inherent Antimicrobial Activity
13.3.1 Natural Polymeric Hydrogels
13.3.2 Synthetic Polymer-based Hydrogels
13.3.3 Polypeptide-based Hydrogels
13.3.4 Mechanism of Action of Hydrogels Possessing Antimicrobial Activity
13.4 Hydrogels Loaded with Biocides
13.4.1 Metal Ions and Nanoparticle-loaded Hydrogels
13.4.2 Antibiotic- loaded Hydrogel Systems
13.4.3 Antimicrobial- agent Loaded Hydrogels
13.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Catheters with Antimicrobial Surfaces
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Catheters and Catheterization
14.1.2 Infection Problem
14.1.3 The Need for Antimicrobial Catheters
14.2 Antimicrobial Materials
14.2.1 Chlorhexidine
14.2.2 Silver
14.2.3 Nitric Oxide
14.2.4 Antibiotics
14.3 Strategies for the Development of Antimicrobial Catheters
14.3.1 Release-based Antimicrobial Catheters
14.3.2 Contact Killing
14.3.3 Bacteria-repelling and Anti-adhesive Surfaces
14.4 Clinically Tested Antimicrobial Catheters
14.5 Challenges and Future Approaches
14.5.1 Antimicrobial Resistance
14.5.2 Multi-approach Antimicrobial Catheters
14.6 Summary, Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Review Criteria
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15 Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers as Antimicrobial Agents
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Dendrimers
15.2.1 Synthesis of Dendrimers
15.2.2 Applications
15.2.3 Dendrimers as Antimicrobial Agents
15.2.4 Antimicrobial Mechanism of Action of Dendrimers
15.3 Hyperbranched Polymers
15.3.1 Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polymers
15.3.2 Applications of Hyperbranched Polymers
15.3.3 Antimicrobial Properties of Hyperbranched Polymers
15.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Antimicrobial Activities of Fatty Acids and their Derivatives
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classification of Fatty Acids
16.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Fatty Acids
16.3.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Unusual Fatty Acids
16.3.2 Antimicrobial Activities of Fatty Acid Derivatives
16.4 Mechanism
16.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 17 Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance and NanoparticulateDrug Delivery Approach to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Mechanisms
17.2 Types of Infections
17.3 Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens
17.4 Antibiotic Treatment of Intracellular Bacterial Infections
17.4.1 β-Lactams
17.4.2 Aminoglycosides
17.4.3 Macrolides
17.4.4 Quinolones
17.5 Challenges in Treating Infectious Diseases
17.6 Targeted Therapy of Infections Using Nanoparticles
17.7 Antibiotic Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery Systems
17.7.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
17.7.2 Hydrogels
17.7.3 Liposomes
17.7.4 Micelles
17.7.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
17.7.6 Fullerenes
17.7.7 Dendrimers
17.7.8 Metal Nanoparticles
17.8 Mechanism of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery for Intracellular Infection
17.9 Treatment of Experimental Infections Mediated by Drug Delivery Systems
17.9.1 Tuberculosis
17.9.2 Brucellosis
17.9.3 Salmonellosis
17.9.4 Listeriosis
17.10 Routes of Nanocarrier Drug Delivery for Intracellular Infections
17.10.1 Oral Delivery
17.10.2 Pulmonary Delivery
17.10.3 Ocular Delivery
17.10.4 Brain-targeted Delivery
17.11 Nanoparticle Toxicity
17.12 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
Abbreviations
Authors' Contributions
Conflict of Interests
References
Subject Index