Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems: 2nd Edition

✍ Scribed by Simon Saunders, Alejandro Aragón-Zavala

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2007
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 542
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Antennas and propagation are of fundamental importance to the coverage, capacity and quality of all wireless communication systems. This book provides a solid grounding in antennas and propagation, covering terrestrial and satellite radio systems in both mobile and fixed contexts. Building on the highly successful first edition, this fully updated text features significant new material and brand new exercises and supplementary materials to support course tutors. A vital source of information for practising and aspiring wireless communication engineers as well as for students at postgraduate and senior undergraduate levels, this book provides a fundamental grounding in the principles of antennas and propagation without excessive recourse to mathematics. It also equips the reader with practical prediction techniques for the design and analysis of a very wide range of common wireless communication systems.

Including:

• Overview of the fundamental electromagnetic principles underlying propagation and antennas.
• Basic concepts of antennas and their application to specific wireless systems.
• Propagation measurement, modelling and prediction for fixed links, macrocells, microcells, picocells and megacells
• Narrowband and wideband channel modelling and the effect of the channel on communication system performance.
• Methods that overcome and transform channel impairments to enhance performance using diversity, adaptive antennas and equalisers.

Key second edition updates:

• New chapters on Antennas for Mobile Systems and Channel Measurements for Mobile Radio Systems.
• Coverage of new technologies, including MIMO antenna systems, Ultra Wideband (UWB) and the OFDM technology used in Wi-Fi and WiMax systems.
• Many new propagation models for macrocells, microcells and picocells.
• Fully revised and expanded end-of-chapter exercises.
• The Solutions Manual can be requested from http://www.wiley.com/go/saunders_antennas_2e

✦ Table of Contents

Front Matter......Page 1
Preface to the First Edition......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 5
1.1 Introduction......Page 16
1.2 Concept of a Wireless Channel......Page 17
1.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 19
1.4 History......Page 20
1.5 System Types......Page 22
1.6 Aims of Cellular Systems......Page 23
1.8 The Cellular Concept......Page 24
1.9 Traffic......Page 28
1.10.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access......Page 32
1.10.3 Code Division Multiple Access......Page 33
1.11 Available Data Rates......Page 34
1.12 Structure of this Book......Page 35
References......Page 37
Problems......Page 38
2.2 Maxwell's Equations......Page 39
2.3 Plane Wave Properties......Page 40
2.3.2 Wave Impedance......Page 41
2.3.5 Lossy Media......Page 42
2.4.2 Mathematical Representation of Polarisation......Page 46
2.4.3 Random Polarisation......Page 47
Problems......Page 48
3.2.1 Lossless Media......Page 50
3.2.2 Lossy Media......Page 54
3.2.3 Typical Reflection and Transmission Coefficients......Page 55
3.3 Rough Surface Scattering......Page 58
3.4.1 Principles......Page 60
3.4.2 Formulation......Page 62
3.5.1 Principle......Page 63
3.5.2 Single Knife-Edge Diffraction......Page 64
3.5.3 Other Diffracting Obstacles: Geometrical Theory of Diffraction......Page 67
Problems......Page 72
4.2.1 What is an Antenna?......Page 74
4.2.3 Near-Field and Far-Field Regions......Page 75
4.2.4 Far-Field Radiation from Wires......Page 76
4.3.1 Radiation Pattern......Page 78
4.3.3 Radiation Resistance and Efficiency......Page 80
4.3.4 Power Gain......Page 81
4.3.6 Reciprocity......Page 83
4.3.9 The Friis Formula: Antennas in Free Space......Page 84
4.3.10 Polarisation Matching......Page 85
4.4.1 Dipole Structure......Page 86
4.4.3 Radiation Pattern......Page 87
4.5.3 The Uniform Linear Array......Page 90
4.5.4 Parasitic Elements: Uda-Yagi Antennas......Page 91
4.5.5 Reflector Antennas......Page 92
4.5.7 Corner Reflectors......Page 93
4.5.8 Parabolic Reflector Antennas......Page 94
4.6 Horn Antennas......Page 95
4.8 Helical Antennas......Page 96
4.9 Patch Antennas......Page 97
References......Page 98
Problems......Page 99
5.2 Definition of Path Loss......Page 101
5.3 A Brief Note on Decibels......Page 104
5.4 Noise Modelling......Page 105
5.5 Free Space Loss......Page 109
5.6 Plane Earth Loss......Page 110
5.7 Link Budgets......Page 113
Problems......Page 115
6.2 Path Profiles......Page 117
6.3.1 Fundamentals......Page 120
6.3.3 Ducting and Multipath......Page 123
6.4 Obstruction Loss......Page 125
6.5.1 The Deygout Method......Page 127
6.5.2 The Causebrook Correction......Page 128
6.5.4 Test Cases......Page 129
6.6 The Multiple-Edge Diffraction Integral......Page 133
6.6.1 Slope-UTD Multiple-Edge Diffraction Model......Page 134
6.6.2 Test Case: Comparison of Multiple Models......Page 138
6.7 Diffraction Over Objects of Finite Size......Page 139
6.8.1 The Integral Equation Model......Page 141
6.8.2 The Parabolic Equation Method......Page 143
6.9 Influence of Clutter......Page 146
References......Page 147
Problems......Page 149
7.1 Introduction......Page 151
7.2.1 Attenuation......Page 152
7.2.2 Rain Attenuation......Page 153
7.2.3 Gaseous Absorption......Page 158
7.2.5 Tropospheric Scintillation......Page 160
7.2.6 Depolarisation......Page 163
7.2.7 Sky Noise......Page 165
7.3 Ionospheric Effects......Page 167
7.3.1 Faraday Rotation......Page 170
7.3.3 Dispersion......Page 171
7.4 Satellite Earth Station Antennas......Page 172
References......Page 173
Problems......Page 174
8.2 Definition of Parameters......Page 175
8.3 Empirical Path Loss Models......Page 176
8.3.1 Clutter Factor Models......Page 177
8.3.2 The Okumura-Hata Model......Page 179
8.3.4 The Lee Model......Page 181
8.3.5 The Ibrahim and Parsons Model......Page 182
8.3.6 Environment Categories......Page 183
8.4.1 The Allsebrook and Parsons Model......Page 184
8.4.2 The Ikegami Model......Page 185
8.4.3 Rooftop Diffraction......Page 186
8.4.4 The Flat Edge Model......Page 187
8.4.5 The Walfisch-Bertoni Model......Page 190
8.4.6 Cost 231/Walfisch-Ikegami Model......Page 192
8.5.1 ITU-R Recommendation P.1411......Page 193
8.6 Comparison of Models......Page 194
References......Page 195
Problems......Page 197
9.2 Statistical Characterisation......Page 198
9.4.1 Edge of Cell......Page 200
9.4.2 Whole Cell......Page 203
9.5 Location Variability......Page 206
9.6 Correlated Shadowing......Page 207
9.6.1 Serial Correlation......Page 208
9.6.2 Site-to-Site Correlation......Page 210
References......Page 216
Problems......Page 217
10.2 Baseband Channel Representation......Page 219
10.3 The AWGN Channel......Page 220
10.4 The Narrowband Fading Channel......Page 223
10.5 When Does Fading Occur in Practice?......Page 224
10.6 The Rayleigh Distribution......Page 225
10.7 Distribution of the SNR for a Rayleigh Channel......Page 228
10.8 The Rice Distribution......Page 231
10.9 The Nakagami-m Distribution......Page 236
10.11 Second-Order Fast-Fading Statistics......Page 237
10.11.1 The Doppler Effect......Page 238
10.11.2 The Classical Doppler Spectrum......Page 240
10.12 Autocorrelation Function......Page 246
10.13 Narrowband Mobile Radio Channel Simulations......Page 248
References......Page 249
Problems......Page 250
11.1 Introduction......Page 251
11.2 Effect of Wideband Fading......Page 252
11.3 Wideband Channel Model......Page 255
11.4 Wideband Channel Parameters......Page 256
11.5 Frequency Domain Effects......Page 261
11.6 The Bello Functions......Page 262
11.7 Wideband Fading in Fixed Links......Page 263
11.9 Conclusion......Page 264
Problems......Page 265
12.2.1 Dual-Slope Model......Page 267
12.2.2 The Lee Microcell Model......Page 269
12.2.3 The Har-Xia-Bertoni Model......Page 270
12.3 Physical Models......Page 272
12.4.1 Two-Ray Model......Page 274
12.4.2 Street Canyon Models......Page 275
12.4.3 ITU-R P.1411 Street Canyon Model......Page 277
12.4.4 Random Waveguide Model......Page 278
12.5.1 Propagation Mechanisms and Cell Planning Considerations......Page 280
12.5.2 Recursive Model......Page 283
12.5.3 ITU-R P.1411 Non-Line-of-Sight Model......Page 284
12.5.4 Site-Specific Ray Models......Page 285
12.6 Discussion......Page 286
12.9 Wideband Effects......Page 287
12.10 Conclusion......Page 288
References......Page 289
Problems......Page 290
13.2.1 Wall and Floor Factor Models......Page 292
13.2.2 Cost231 Multi-Wall Model......Page 294
13.2.4 Empirical Models for Wireless Lan......Page 295
13.3 Physical Models of Indoor Propagation within Buildings......Page 297
13.3.2 Reduced-Complexity UTD Indoor Model......Page 298
13.3.3 Propagation between Floors......Page 300
13.3.4 Propagation on Single Floors......Page 301
13.4.1 Introduction......Page 302
13.4.3 Cost231 Line-of-Sight Model......Page 303
13.4.4 Floor Gain Models......Page 304
13.4.5 Cost231 Non-Line-of-Sight Model......Page 305
13.4.6 Propagation Mechanisms......Page 306
13.5 Constitutive Parameters of Building Materials for Physical Models......Page 308
13.7 Multipath Effects......Page 309
13.8 Ultra-Wideband Indoor Propagation......Page 311
13.9.2 Models of Tunnel Propagation......Page 313
13.11 Distribution Systems for Indoor and Enclosed Space Applications......Page 318
13.11.1 Distributed Antenna Systems - General Considerations......Page 319
13.11.2 Passive Distributed Antenna Systems......Page 320
13.11.3 Active Distributed Antenna Systems......Page 322
13.11.4 Hybrid Systems......Page 323
13.11.5 Radiating Cables......Page 324
13.11.6 Repeaters......Page 328
13.11.7 Digital Distribution......Page 329
13.12 Indoor Link Budgets......Page 330
13.13 Conclusion......Page 334
References......Page 335
Problems......Page 337
14.1 Introduction......Page 339
14.2.1 Introduction......Page 340
14.2.2 Local Shadowing Effects......Page 341
14.2.3 Local Multipath Effects......Page 342
14.3 Empirical Narrowband Models......Page 344
14.4 Statistical Models......Page 345
14.4.1 Loo Model......Page 347
14.4.3 Lutz Model......Page 349
14.6 Physical-Statistical Models for Built-up Areas......Page 353
14.6.1 Building Height Distribution......Page 356
14.6.2 Time-Share of Shadowing......Page 357
14.6.3 Time Series Model......Page 358
14.7 Wideband Models......Page 361
14.8 Multi-Satellite Correlations......Page 362
14.9 Overall Mobile Satellite Channel Model......Page 364
References......Page 365
Problems......Page 367
15.2.1 Performance Requirements......Page 368
15.2.2 Small Antenna Fundamentals......Page 369
15.2.3 Dipoles......Page 371
15.2.5 Inverted-F Antennas......Page 373
15.2.7 Mean Effective Gain MEG......Page 375
15.2.8 Human Body Interactions and Specific Absorption Rate SAR......Page 377
15.2.9 Mobile Satellite Antennas......Page 381
15.3.1 Performance Requirements in Macrocells......Page 383
15.3.2 Macrocell Antenna Design......Page 384
15.3.3 Macrocell Antenna Diversity......Page 387
15.3.4 Microcell Antennas......Page 388
15.3.5 Picocell Antennas......Page 389
15.3.6 Antennas for Wireless Lan......Page 392
References......Page 393
Problems......Page 395
16.1 Introduction......Page 397
16.2 Criteria for Useful Branches......Page 398
16.3.1 General Model......Page 399
16.3.2 Mobile Station Space Diversity......Page 401
16.3.4 Base Station Space Diversity......Page 403
16.4.1 Base Station Polarisation Diversity......Page 405
16.4.2 Mobile Station Polarisation Diversity......Page 406
16.5 Time Diversity......Page 408
16.7.1 Selection Combining......Page 409
16.7.2 Switched Combining......Page 411
16.7.3 Equal-Gain Combining......Page 412
16.7.4 Maximum Ratio Combining......Page 413
16.7.5 Comparison of Combining Methods......Page 414
16.8 Diversity for Microwave Links......Page 415
16.10 Transmit Diversity......Page 416
References......Page 417
Problems......Page 418
17.2.1 Continuous-Time System Model......Page 419
17.2.2 Discrete-Time System Model......Page 420
17.2.3 First Nyquist Criterion......Page 421
17.3.1 Linear Equaliser Structure......Page 422
17.3.2 Zero-Forcing Equaliser......Page 423
17.3.3 Least Mean Square Equaliser......Page 424
17.4 Adaptive Equalisers......Page 425
17.4.1 Direct Matrix Inversion......Page 426
17.4.3 Other Convergence Algorithms......Page 427
17.5 Non-Linear Equalisers......Page 428
17.5.2 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimator......Page 429
17.5.3 Viterbi Equalisation......Page 430
17.6 Rake Receivers......Page 433
17.7 OFDM Receivers......Page 436
References......Page 441
Problems......Page 442
18.2 Basic Concepts......Page 443
18.3.1 Example of Adaptive Antenna Processing......Page 444
18.3.2 Spatial Filtering for Interference Reduction......Page 446
18.3.4 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems......Page 447
18.4.1 Formulation......Page 449
18.4.2 Steering Vector for Uniform Linear Array......Page 451
18.4.3 Steering Vector for Arbitrary Element Positions......Page 452
18.4.4 Optimum Combiner in a Free Space Environment......Page 453
18.4.5 Optimum Combiner in a Fading Environment......Page 455
18.4.7 Adaptive Antenna Channel Parameters......Page 456
18.5.1 MIMO Signal Model......Page 459
18.5.2 MIMO Channel Capacity......Page 461
18.5.3 Trade-off between Diversity and Capacity for MIMO......Page 464
18.5.4 Particular STC Schemes......Page 465
18.5.5 MIMO Channel Modelling......Page 466
18.5.6 MIMO Channel Models for Specific Systems......Page 468
18.5.7 Impact of Antennas on MIMO Performance......Page 470
18.6 Adaptive Antennas in a Practical System......Page 471
References......Page 472
Problems......Page 474
19.2.1 Tuning Empirical Path Loss Models......Page 475
19.2.2 Creating Synthetic Channel Models......Page 476
19.3 Impact of Measurement Inaccuracies......Page 477
19.4.1 Estimators of the Local Mean......Page 479
19.4.2 Sampling Rate......Page 482
19.5.1 Narrowband Channel Sounding......Page 485
19.5.2 Wideband Channel Measurement Techniques......Page 486
19.6.1 General......Page 487
19.6.3 Receivers......Page 488
19.6.4 Passive Elements......Page 489
19.7.3 Navigation......Page 490
19.7.4 Size and Shape of Area for Averaging......Page 492
19.8.1 General......Page 494
19.8.2 Navigation......Page 495
19.8.3 Selection of Walk Routes......Page 496
19.8.4 Equipment......Page 497
References......Page 499
Problems......Page 500
20.2 High-Resolution Data......Page 502
20.6 Real-Time Channel Predictions......Page 503
20.8 Distributed and Ad-Hoc Cell Architectures......Page 504
References......Page 505
A.2 Single Random Variables......Page 506
A.3 Multiple Random Variables......Page 507
A.5 Random Processes......Page 508
References......Page 509
Abbreviations......Page 510
A......Page 514
B......Page 515
C......Page 516
D......Page 519
E......Page 521
F......Page 522
G......Page 524
I......Page 525
L......Page 527
M......Page 528
N......Page 530
O......Page 531
P......Page 532
R......Page 534
S......Page 536
T......Page 539
V......Page 540
W......Page 541
Z......Page 542