Antenna Systems for Modern Wireless Devices

✍ Scribed by Shiban K. Koul, S. Swapna, G. S. Karthikeya

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 344
• Series: Signals and Communication Technology
• Edition: 2024
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book presents up-to-date information about WLAN antenna designs for students, researchers, and professionals who want to design radiating systems to be deployed for practical coverage. The book primarily focuses on pattern diversity antennas. Pattern diversity antennas are very vital in wireless communication. High correlation between multiple signals can result in low data throughput which can be solved by using antennas with pattern diversity. Beam scanning antennas and their variants are also described in detail. Pattern diversity antenna systems with multiport feeds are also comprehensively discussed in this book. For a multiport system to maintain a reasonable link budget, equal antenna gains are preferred for the required antenna coverage. The book further describes the latest techniques to enhance and equalize the antenna gain within a compact radiating system. With increasing demand for faster connectivity with minimum path loss, the demand for high-gain antennas is rapidly increasing. Thereby a detailed discussion on gain enhancement with the latest high-gain antenna designs is requisite while describing WLAN antennas. Some antenna designs discussed in the book are based on additive manufacturing for their design and fabrication. Additive manufacturing is a much sought-after technology today that allows rapid development of antennas at an affordable cost. Many recent WLAN antennas make use of this technology to develop versatile antenna designs. Finally, the book includes a section on wide-band antenna designs. Antenna designs that reduce the scanning loss are also discussed.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
1 Introduction to Wireless Local Area Network
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Radio Spectrum: A Key Resource of Wireless Networks
1.1.2 Types of Wireless Networks
1.1.3 Commercial Wireless Technologies
1.1.4 Benefits of Wireless Networks
1.1.5 Limitations of Wireless Networks
1.2 History of WLAN
1.3 WLAN Standards
1.3.1 IEEE 802
1.3.2 IEEE 802.11 Architecture
1.3.3 IEEE 802.11 WLAN Standards
1.4 Cellular Generations
1.4.1 0G—Wireless Technology
1.4.2 1G—Analog Cellular Networks
1.4.3 2G—Digital Networks
1.4.4 3G—High-Speed IP Data Networks
1.4.5 4G—Growth of Mobile Broadband
1.4.6 5G Wireless Technology: The Next-Generation Network
1.4.7 6G Networks: Vision
1.5 WLAN Transceiver Architecture
1.6 Antennas for WLAN
1.6.1 Categorization of Wi-Fi Antennas
1.6.2 Typical Wi-Fi Antennas
1.6.3 Choosing the Right WLAN Antenna
1.6.4 General Requirements for Selecting a Wi-Fi Antenna
1.6.5 Antenna Diversity in Multipath Environments
1.7 Future of Wireless Communications
1.7.1 6G—The Future Network Platform
1.7.2 Wi-Fi 8
1.7.3 Wireless-Power Transfer
1.7.4 Internet of Nanothings
References
2 Pattern Diversity in WLAN Antennas
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Radio Wave Propagation in Wireless Communication
2.1.2 Fading in a Wireless Channel
2.1.3 Multipath Fading
2.2 Significance of Diversity in Wireless Communication
2.2.1 Diversity Techniques
2.2.2 Need for Pattern Diversity Antennas
2.2.3 Significance of Pattern Diversity
2.3 History of Pattern Diversity Antenna
2.4 Various Pattern Diversity Techniques
2.4.1 Integration of Multiple Radiators
2.4.2 Different Phase Excitations
2.4.3 Multiple Mode Excitation
2.4.4 Even and Odd Mode Excitation
2.4.5 CRLH-TL-Based Method
2.4.6 Parasitic Antenna Arrays
2.4.7 Other Pattern Diversity Methods
2.5 Pattern Diversity Antennas with Polarization Diversity
2.5.1 Polarization Diversity
2.5.2 Polarization and Pattern Diversity Antennas
2.6 Pattern Diversity Antennas with Reconfigurability
2.6.1 Reconfigurable Antennas
2.6.2 Reconfigurable Metamaterials
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Electronic Beam-Scanning Antennas
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Need for Beam-Scanning Antennas
3.1.2 Applications of Beam-Scanning Antennas
3.2 Different Techniques for Antenna Beam Scanning
3.2.1 Electronic Scanning
3.2.2 Mechanical Scanning
3.2.3 Null Steering
3.3 Frequency Beam Scanning
3.3.1 Leaky-Wave Antenna
3.4 Phased-Array Antenna
3.4.1 Phase Shifters
3.4.2 Phased-Array Scanning
3.5 Electronic Scanning Using Discrete Devices
3.5.1 Pin Diodes
3.5.2 Varactor Diodes
3.5.3 RF MEMS Switches
3.6 Material Engineering for Beam Scanning
3.6.1 Liquid Crystal
3.6.2 Ferrite Material
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Other Beam-Scanning Techniques
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanical Beam-Scanning Antennas
4.2.1 Steering the Feed Antenna
4.2.2 Steering the Focusing Aperture
4.3 Mechanical Beam Scanning by Moving Antenna Parts
4.3.1 Rotating Prisms
4.3.2 Rotating Other Antenna Sub-components
4.4 Beam Scanning with Lens
4.4.1 Hemispherical Lens
4.4.2 Dielectric Lens
4.4.3 Luneburg Lens
4.4.4 Inhomogeneous Flat Lens
4.4.5 Integrated Lens Antenna
4.5 Beam Scanning with Metasurface
4.6 Beam Scanning with FSS
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Wide-Angle Beam-Scanning Antennas
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Challenges in Wide-Angle Beam Scanning
5.3 Different Approaches for Wide-Angle Beam Scanning
5.4 Wide-Angle Scanning Using Frequency Sweep
5.5 Scan Loss
5.5.1 Low Scan Loss Antennas
5.6 Wideband Directional Cavity Antenna with Low Scan Loss for WLAN
5.6.1 Narrow-Band Cavity Antenna
5.6.2 Wideband Cavity Antenna
5.6.3 Wideband Cavity Antenna with Slider
5.6.4 Theoretical Analysis of the Slider
5.6.5 Fabrication and Measurement
5.6.6 Two-Element Cavity Antenna Array
5.6.7 Two-Element Cavity Antenna Array with Slider
5.7 Conclusion
References
6 Antenna Gain Enhancement Techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Antenna Gain
6.1.2 Methods to Enhance Antenna Gain
6.2 Gain Enhancement Using Metamaterials
6.2.1 Metamaterial Classification
6.2.2 Metamaterial Integration for Gain Enhancement
6.3 Gain Enhancement Using Artificial Surfaces
6.3.1 Resonator Structures
6.3.2 Artificial Magnetic Conductors
6.3.3 Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures
6.3.4 Frequency-Selective Surface
6.4 Gain Enhancement Using Dielectrics
6.4.1 Dielectric Lens
6.4.2 Dielectric Superstrates
6.5 Gain Enhancement Using Fabry–Pérot Cavity
6.6 Other Gain Enhancement Techniques
6.6.1 Reflectors
6.6.2 Directors
6.6.3 Shorting Pins
6.6.4 Substrate Engineering
6.6.5 Orthogonal Radiating Choke
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Gain Enhancement and Equalization of WLAN Antennas
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Gain Enhancement of 3D-Printed Wideband Cavity Antenna
7.2.1 Wideband Cavity Antenna Design
7.2.2 Metasurface Design
7.3 Common Aperture Two-Element Dipole Antenna Design
7.3.1 Antenna Design
7.3.2 Two-Port Antenna Designs
7.3.3 Metamaterial Design
7.3.4 Antenna Design with Metamaterials
7.3.5 Antenna Measurement
7.4 Common Aperture Three-Element Dipole Antenna Design
7.4.1 Antenna Design
7.4.2 Antenna Design Integrated with Metamaterials
7.5 Gain-Equalized Three-Port Antenna with Superstrate Loading
7.5.1 Motivation
7.5.2 Antenna Design
7.5.3 Antenna Design Theory
7.5.4 Metamaterial Design 1
7.5.5 Metamaterial Design 2
7.5.6 Antenna Design Using Metamaterials
7.6 Gain-Equalized Three-Port Antenna Using Fabry–Perot Cavity
7.6.1 Motivation
7.6.2 Antenna Design
7.6.3 Metamaterial Design
7.6.4 Antenna with Metamaterial Design
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Multiport Antennas for WLAN
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Multiport Antenna Designs
8.3 Multibeam Antenna Designs
8.4 Multiport Antenna Design No. 1 with Gain Equalization
8.4.1 Micromachined Patch Antenna Design
8.4.2 Single Port Additively Manufactured Series-Fed Array
8.4.3 Two-Port Additively Manufactured Series-Fed Array
8.4.4 Three-Port Additively Manufactured Series-Fed Array
8.4.5 Gain Enhancement Using Parasitic Patch Superstrate
8.4.6 Three-Port Antenna with Gain Enhancement
8.5 Multiport Antenna Design No. II with Gain Equalization
8.5.1 Four-Element Antenna Design
8.5.2 Four-Element Antenna Design with 3D-Printed Dielectric Loading
8.6 Design Guidelines
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Additive Manufacturing in Antenna Development
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 3D Printing Methods
9.1.2 3D Printing Materials
9.1.3 3D Printing in RF Engineering
9.2 Classification of 3D-Printed Antennas
9.2.1 Intricately Shaped Antennas
9.2.2 Conformable Substrates
9.2.3 Flexible Substrates
9.2.4 Inhomogeneous Substrates
9.3 Metallization Techniques
9.3.1 Conductive Spray Coating
9.3.2 Electroless and Electroplating
9.3.3 Liquid Metal
9.3.4 Jet Metal Process
9.3.5 Vacuum Filling
9.3.6 Wire-Mesh Embedding
9.4 3D Metal Printing
9.4.1 Common Metal AM Processes
9.4.2 Antenna Designs Using Metal AM Technology
9.5 Latest Trends in 3D-Printed Antennas
9.6 Enhancing Antenna Characteristics Through 3D Printing
9.7 Conclusion
9.8 Future Scope
References
Index