Anatomy and examination in ocular trauma

✍ Scribed by Hua Yan (editor)

• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 137
• Series: Ocular trauma,
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

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✦ Table of Contents

Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I: Anatomy
1: General Anatomy
1.1 Anatomy of the Eyeball
1.1.1 The Eyeball
1.1.2 The Cornea
1.1.3 The Sclera
1.1.4 The Uveal Tract
1.1.5 Iris
1.1.6 The Ciliary Body
1.1.7 The Choroid
1.1.8 The Retina
1.1.9 Macula
1.1.10 Ora Serrata
1.1.11 The Anterior Chamber Angle
1.1.12 The Lens
1.1.13 The Aqueous
1.1.14 Vitreous
1.1.15 The External Anatomic Landmarks
1.2 Anatomy of the Visual Pathway
1.2.1 Retina
1.2.2 Optic Nerve
1.2.3 Anterior Junction Syndrome
1.2.4 Chiasm
1.2.5 Optic Tract/Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
1.2.6 Optic Radiations
1.2.7 Occipital Cortex
1.3 Anatomy of the Ocular Adnexa
1.3.1 Orbit
1.3.2 Palpebral
1.3.2.1 Blood Supply
1.3.2.2 Lymphatic Drainage [8]
1.3.3 Conjunctiva
1.3.4 Lacrimal Apparatus
1.3.4.1 Lacrimal Gland
1.3.4.2 Lacrimal Passage
Bone Lacrimal Passage
Membranous Lacrimal Passage
1.3.5 Extraocular Muscles
References
2: Ocular Structure Change and Specific Feature When Encountered with Trauma and Pearls
2.1 Eyeball
2.2 Visual Pathway
2.2.1 Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
2.2.2 Precanalicular Injury
2.2.3 Canalicular Injury
2.3 Ocular Adnexa
2.3.1 The Orbital Trauma
2.3.2 Medial Orbital Wall
2.3.3 Orbital Septal System
2.3.4 Motor Nerves of the Orbit
2.3.5 Smooth Muscles
Part II: Examinations
3: Visual Function Examination
3.1 Visual Acuity
3.1.1 Distant Vision
3.1.1.1 How Is the Visual Acuity Chart Designed?
3.1.1.2 Determination of Distant Vision
3.1.1.3 Things that Should Be Paid Attention To
3.1.2 Near Vision
3.2 Visual Field
3.2.1 General Concept
3.2.1.1 Unit and Standardization
3.2.1.2 Difference Light Threshold
3.2.1.3 The Fluctuation of Light Threshold
3.2.2 General Knowledge of Visual Field
3.2.2.1 The Concept of Normal Visual Field
The Absolute Boundary of the Visual Field Reaches a Certain Range
The Light Sensitivity Is Normal in Every Spot of the Full Visual Field
3.2.2.2 Island of Vision
3.2.2.3 Isopter
3.2.2.4 Physiological Blind Spot
3.2.2.5 The Symmetry of the Normal Field of Vision
3.2.3 Clinical Perimetry and Perimeter Categories
3.2.3.1 Kinetic Test
3.2.3.2 Static Test
3.2.3.3 Superthreshold Test, Screening Test
3.2.3.4 Testing Methods
Face-to-Face Test
Perimeter Test (Fig. 3.1)
3.2.3.5 Visual Field Recording
The Reliability of Visual Field Measurement
Threshold Values
Grayscale Printouts
Total Deviation
Pattern Deviation
Visual Field Indices
3.2.3.6 Factors that Affect the Visual Field
Age
Fixation
The Degree of Adaptation or Dark Adaptation of the Examined Eye
Pupil Size
Ametropia
Learning Effect and the Degree of Coordination
The Position of the Upper Eyelid and the Rim of the Frame
Detection Time
3.2.3.7 The Strategy Choice of Automatic Perimetry
3.2.3.8 Baseline and Follow–Up
3.2.4 Abnormal Visual Field
3.2.4.1 Constriction of Visual Field
3.2.4.2 Scotoma
Location
Different Shapes of Scotoma
General Reduction of Sensitivity
Enlargement of Physiological Blind Spot (Fig. 3.11)
3.2.4.3 Assess the Abnormity of the Central Visual Field
3.3 Electrophysiology
3.3.1 Electroretinogram (ERG)
3.3.1.1 Flash Electroretinogram (F-ERG)
Dark Adaptation
Wave
Clinical Applications
3.3.1.2 Pattern Electroretinogram (P–ERG) (Fig. 3.13)
Clinical Applications
3.3.2 Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)
3.3.2.1 Flash VEP (F-VEP)
3.3.2.2 Graphics VEP (P–VEP) (Fig. 3.14)
Clinical Application of Visual Evoked Potential
3.3.3 Electrooculogram (EOG)
3.3.4 Multifocal Electroretinogram and Multifocal Visual Evoked Potential
3.4 Key Points when Performing Visual Function Examination in Ocular Trauma
3.4.1 Visual Acuity
3.4.2 Visual Field
3.4.2.1 Traumatic Chorioretinopathies
Commotio Retinae
3.4.2.2 Optic Nerve Avulsion
3.4.2.3 Damage to the Visual Pathway
4: Physical Examination
4.1 Ocular Adnexa
4.1.1 Eyelid
4.1.2 Orbit and Extraocular Muscle
4.1.3 Lacrimal Ductule and Lacrimal Gland
4.2 Anterior Segment
4.2.1 Conjunctiva and Sclera
4.2.2 Cornea and Anterior Chamber
4.2.3 Iris and Pupil
4.2.4 Lens
4.3 Posterior Segment
4.4 Intraocular Pressure
4.5 Key Points when Performing Physical Examination in Ocular Trauma
References
5: Imaging Examination
5.1 X–Ray
5.2 Computed Tomography
5.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
5.3.1 Special Concerns for Imaging of Ocular Trauma
5.3.1.1 According to Classification of Ocular Trauma
Intraocular Foreign Bodies (IOFB)
X–Ray Radiography
CT
MRI
5.3.1.2 Eyeball Trauma
Anterior Segment Injury
Lens Injuries
CT/MRI
Globe Rupture
CT/MRI
Vitreous Hemorrhage
CT
MRI
5.3.1.3 Orbital Blowout Fractures
X–Ray Radiography
CT
MRI
5.3.1.4 Optic Canal Fracture and Optic Nerve Injury
CT
MRI
5.4 B-Ultrasound
5.4.1 Background
5.4.2 Working Mechanism
5.4.3 A-Scan and B-Scan
5.4.4 Advantages
5.4.5 Disadvantages
5.5 Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)
5.5.1 Background
5.5.2 Working Mechanism
5.5.3 Advantages
5.5.4 Disadvantages
5.6 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
5.6.1 Background
5.6.2 Working Mechanism
5.6.3 Advantages
5.6.4 Disadvantages
5.7 Specular Microscope
5.7.1 Background
5.7.2 Working Mechanism
5.7.3 Advantages
5.7.4 Disadvantages
References
Part III: Epidemiology and the Registration System of Ocular Trauma
6: Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma
6.1 Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma in Different Countries in the World
6.1.1 In Europe
6.1.2 In America
6.1.3 In Africa
6.1.4 In Oceania
6.1.5 In Asia
6.2 Epidemiology of Work-Related Ocular Trauma or in Different Environments in the World
6.2.1 Work-Related Eye Injuries
6.2.2 Traffic Eye Injuries
6.2.3 Military eye injuries, or Firearm of Lethal Weapon-Related Eye Injuries
6.2.4 Firecrackers Eye Injury
6.3 Epidemiology of Sports-Related Ocular Trauma in the World
6.4 Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma in Children in the World
6.5 Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma in China
6.5.1 In Beijing
6.5.2 In Shanghai
6.5.3 In Hong Kong
6.5.4 In the Region of Central China
6.5.5 In the Region of Northwest China
6.5.6 In the Region of North China
6.5.7 In the Region of Southeast China
6.5.8 In the Region of South China
6.5.9 In the Region of East China
6.5.10 In the Region of Northeast China
6.5.11 Special Eye Injuries and Work-Related Eye Injuries
References
7: The Registration System of Ocular Trauma
7.1 Why Should We Pursue Eye Injury Registration?
7.2 The Methods of Eye Injury Registration
7.2.1 Baseline Registration
7.2.1.1 Paper Form
7.2.1.2 Electronic Version of the Terminal Registration
7.2.1.3 Internet Registration
7.2.2 Follow-Up Registration
7.2.3 Data Summary
7.3 Eye Registry in the World
7.4 Background and Development of China Eye Injury Registry
7.5 Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study
7.5.1 Introduction of Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study
7.5.2 The Organization of Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study
7.5.3 Research Process of Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study
7.5.4 Eye Injury Vitrectomy Registration Form and Entry Interface