Analysis of Engineering Structures and Material Behavior

✍ Scribed by Brniac, Josip

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 499
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Theoretical and experimental study of the mechanical behavior of structures under load

Analysis of Engineering Structures and Material Behavioris a textbook covering introductory and advanced topics in structural analysis. It begins with an introduction to the topic, before covering fundamental concepts of stress, strain and information about mechanical testing of materials. Material behaviors, yield criteria and loads imposed on the engineering elements are also discussed. The book then moves on to cover more advanced areas including relationships between stress and strain, rheological models, creep of metallic materials and fracture mechanics. Finally, the finite element method and its applications are considered.

Key features:

Covers introductory and advanced topics in structural analysis, including load, stress, strain, creep, fatigue and finite element analysis of structural elements. Includes examples and considers mathematical formulations. A pedagogical approach to the topic.Analysis of Engineering Structures and Material Behavioris suitable as a textbook for structural analysis and mechanics courses in structural, civil and mechanical engineering, as well as a valuable guide for practicing engineers.

✦ Table of Contents

Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
Frequently Used Symbols and the Meaning of Symbols......Page 17
Principal SI Units and the US Equivalents......Page 25
SI Prefixes, Basic Units, Physical Constants, the Greek Alphabet......Page 27
Important Notice Before Reading the Book......Page 29
Preface......Page 31
About the Author......Page 33
Acknowledgements......Page 35
1.2 Factors that Influence the Design of Engineering Structures......Page 37
1.3 The Importance of Optimization in the Process of Design and the Selection of Structural Materials......Page 39
1.4 Commonly Observed Failure Modes in Engineering Practice......Page 40
References......Page 41
2.1 Definition of Average Stress and Stress at a Point......Page 43
2.2.1 Stress Components......Page 44
2.2.2 Equilibrium Equations......Page 45
2.3.1 Mean and Deviatoric Stress Tensors......Page 46
2.4.1 Uniaxial State of Stress......Page 48
2.4.2 Two-dimensional State of Stress......Page 50
2.4.3 Three-dimensional State of Stress......Page 54
2.4.3.1 Stress on an Arbitrary Plane......Page 56
2.4.3.2 Stress on an Octahedral Plane......Page 57
2.4.3.3 Principal Stresses and Stress Invariants......Page 58
2.5 Transformation of Stress Components......Page 60
References......Page 64
3.1 Definition of Strain......Page 65
3.1.1.2 Volumetric Strain......Page 66
3.1.1.3 Bulk Modulus......Page 67
3.1.1.5 Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity)......Page 68
3.2 Strain–Displacement Equations......Page 69
3.3.1 Small Strain Tensor......Page 71
3.3.2 Finite Strain Tensor......Page 74
3.3.3 Mean and Deviatoric Strain Tensors......Page 76
3.3.4.1 Strain Tensor......Page 77
3.3.4.2 Deviatoric Strain Tensor......Page 78
3.4 Transformation of Strain Components......Page 79
3.5 Strain Measurement......Page 80
References......Page 84
4.1 Material Properties......Page 87
4.4.1 Static Tensile Testing Machine and Specimens......Page 88
4.4.3 Hardness Testing Machine......Page 90
4.5.1.1 Engineering Stress–Strain Diagram......Page 92
4.5.1.3 Relaxation Diagram/Curve......Page 98
4.5.2.1 Tensile, Flexural and Torsional Test Results......Page 99
References......Page 100
5.2 Yield Criteria......Page 103
5.2.1.1 Maximum Shear Stress Criterion (Tresca Criterion)......Page 107
5.2.1.2 Distortional Energy Density Criterion (von Mises Criterion)......Page 110
5.2.2.2 Maximum Normal Strain Criterion......Page 112
References......Page 114
6.1 Axial Loading......Page 115
6.1.1 Normal Stress......Page 117
6.1.2 The Principal Stress......Page 118
6.2 Torsion......Page 121
6.2.1.1 Prismatic Bars: Circular Cross-section......Page 122
6.2.1.2 Prismatic Bars: Noncircular Cross-section......Page 131
6.2.1.3 Thin-walled Structures......Page 132
6.2.2 Warping (Distortion) of a Cross-section......Page 137
6.2.3 Inelastic Torsion and Residual Stress......Page 139
6.2.3.1 Residual Stress......Page 141
6.3.1 Beam Supports, Types of Beams, Types of Loads......Page 145
6.3.2 Internal Forces – Bending Moments (Mf), Shear Force (Q), Distributed Load (q)......Page 147
6.3.3 Principal Moments of Inertia of an Area (I1, I2) and Extreme Values of Product of Inertia (Ixy) of an Area......Page 148
6.3.3.1 Axes Parallel to the Centroidal Axes......Page 150
6.3.3.2 Rotation of the Coordinate Axes at the Observed Point (Rotated Axes)......Page 151
6.3.4.1 Pure Bending......Page 152
6.3.4.2 Nonuniform Bending......Page 158
6.3.5 Nonsymmetrical Bending......Page 162
6.3.6 Loading of Thin-walled Engineering Elements; Shear Center......Page 169
6.3.6.1 Shear Center......Page 170
6.3.7 Beam Deflections......Page 172
6.3.8 Bending of Curved Elements......Page 176
6.4 Stability of Columns......Page 185
6.4.1.1 Pin-ended Columns......Page 186
6.4.1.2 Columns with Other End Conditions......Page 189
6.4.2 Critical Buckling Stress in the Elastic Range......Page 191
6.4.3.1 Local Buckling of the Column......Page 193
6.5.1 Eccentric Axial Load Acting in a Plane of Symmetry......Page 195
6.5.2 General Case of an Eccentric Axial Load......Page 197
References......Page 200
7.1 Fundamental Considerations......Page 203
7.2 Anisotropic Materials......Page 205
7.3 Isotropic Materials......Page 207
7.3.1 Determination of Hooke´s Law – Method of Superposition......Page 211
7.3.2 Engineering Constants of Elasticity......Page 214
7.4 Orthotropic Materials......Page 216
7.5 Linear Stress–Strain–Temperature Relations for Isotropic Materials......Page 220
References......Page 222
8.1 Introduction......Page 225
8.2.1.1 Hooke´s Element (H Model)......Page 226
8.2.2.3 Saint Venant Element | Spring-Spring/(SV | Spring-Spring)......Page 228
8.3 Time-dependent Behavior Modeling......Page 230
8.3.2 Maxwell Model (M=H-N)......Page 231
8.3.2.1 Generalized Maxwell Model......Page 233
8.3.3 Voigt-Kelvin Model (K=H | N)......Page 234
8.3.3.1 Generalized Voigt–Kelvin Model......Page 235
8.3.4 Standard Linear Solid Model (SLS)......Page 236
8.3.5 Voigt–Kelvin-Hooke´s Model (K-H)......Page 237
8.3.6 Burgers´ Model......Page 238
8.4 Differential Form of Constitutive Equations......Page 241
References......Page 243
9.1 Introduction......Page 245
9.2.1 Slip......Page 247
9.2.2 Cleavage......Page 248
9.2.4 Grain Boundary Sliding......Page 249
9.3 The Creep Phenomenon and Its Geometrical Representation......Page 250
9.3.1.1 Creep Deformation Mechanisms......Page 252
9.3.1.2 Fracture Micromechanisms and Macromechanisms......Page 256
9.3.1.3 Creep Fracture Mechanisms......Page 257
9.3.2.1 Short-time Uniaxial Creep Tests......Page 259
9.3.2.2 Creep Modeling......Page 261
9.3.2.3 Microstructure Analysis – Basic......Page 263
9.3.3 Long-term Creep Behavior Prediction Based on the Short-time Creep Process......Page 264
9.3.3.1 Extrapolation Methods......Page 266
9.3.3.2 Time–Temperature Parameters......Page 267
9.3.4 Multiaxial Creep......Page 268
9.4 Relaxation Phenomenon and Modeling......Page 270
References......Page 272
10.1 Introduction......Page 275
10.2 Fracture Classification......Page 276
10.3.2 Stress versus Life Curves (σ–N/S–N), Endurance Limit......Page 278
10.4.1 Basic Consideration......Page 284
10.4.2 Crack Opening Modes......Page 287
10.4.2.1 Stress Intensity Factor (K/SIF)......Page 288
10.4.2.2 Plastic Zone Size around the Crack Tip......Page 296
10.4.2.3 Plastic Zone Shape around the Crack Tip......Page 299
10.5 Elastic–Plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM)......Page 302
10.5.1 The J Integral......Page 303
10.6 Experimental Determination of Fracture Toughness......Page 306
10.6.1.1 Shapes and Dimensions of the Specimens......Page 307
10.6.1.2 Orientation of a Specimen Made from Base Material......Page 308
10.6.2.1 R-curve (K–R Curve)......Page 310
10.6.2.2 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness (KIc) Testing......Page 313
10.6.3.1 R-curve (J–R Curve)......Page 315
10.6.3.2 Fracture Toughness (JIc) Determination/Testing......Page 316
10.7 Charpy Impact Energy Testing......Page 320
10.8.1 Introduction......Page 324
10.8.2 Fatigue Crack Growth......Page 325
10.8.2.1 The Paris Equation......Page 330
10.8.2.2 The Walker Equation......Page 332
10.8.3 Creep Crack Growth......Page 333
10.8.4.2 Variable Amplitude Loading......Page 334
10.8.5.1 Elber Crack Closure Phenomenon......Page 335
10.8.6 A Brief Review of Testing of Unnotched, Axially Loaded Specimens......Page 337
References......Page 345
11.1.1 Applications of FEM......Page 349
11.1.3 A Brief Overview of the Historical Development of the FEM......Page 350
11.2 Linear Analysis of Structural Behavior......Page 351
11.2.1 Formulations of Equilibrium Equations......Page 352
11.2.1.1 Variational Formulation of the Finite Element (Equilibrium) Equation......Page 354
11.2.4 Shape Functions – Cartesian and Natural (Dimensionless) Coordinate Systems......Page 370
11.2.4.1 Cartesian Coordinate System......Page 371
11.2.4.2 Natural (Dimensionless) Coordinate System......Page 377
11.2.5.1 Basic 1-D Finite Elements......Page 383
11.2.5.2 Finite Elements of Higher Order......Page 395
11.2.6 Two-dimensional Finite Elements......Page 399
11.2.6.1 Basic 2-D Finite Elements......Page 403
11.2.6.2 Finite Elements of Higher Order......Page 412
11.2.6.3 Transformation Procedure for the Finite Element Equation......Page 414
11.2.7 Three-dimensional Finite Elements......Page 415
11.2.7.1 Basic 3-D Finite Elements......Page 417
11.2.7.2 Finite Elements of Higher Order......Page 424
11.2.8.1 Introduction......Page 429
11.2.8.2 Isoparametric Representation......Page 431
11.2.9.1 Deformation Theories for Elastic Plates......Page 434
11.2.9.2 Finite Elements Based on Kirchhoff Plate Theory......Page 443
11.2.10 Basics of Dynamic Behavior of Elastic Structures......Page 446
11.2.10.1 Mass Matrix of the Finite Element......Page 449
11.2.10.2 Free, Undamped Vibrations of Constructions – Eigenvalues......Page 450
11.3 A Brief Introduction to Nonlinear Analysis of Structural Behavior......Page 457
11.4.1 Introduction......Page 458
11.4.2 Classification, Variables and Characteristics of Metal-forming Processes......Page 459
11.4.2.1 Comparison of Hot and Cold Working Processes in Terms of Working Temperature, Shaping Force and Achieved Material .........Page 464
11.4.3 Basic Settings Related to the Theory of Metal-forming Processes......Page 465
11.4.3.1 Strain-rate Tensor and Data Relating to Yield Criteria......Page 466
11.4.3.3 The Prandtl–Reuss Equations......Page 469
11.4.3.5 Shape Functions......Page 473
11.5 The Application of the Finite Element Method in Structural Analysis......Page 474
11.5.1 One-dimensional Finite Elements: Finite Element Analysis of Truss Structure Deformation......Page 475
11.5.2 Two-dimensional Finite Elements: J Integral Calculation......Page 479
11.5.3.1 Introduction......Page 483
11.5.3.2 Application of General Quadrilateral Finite Elements......Page 486
References......Page 487
Index......Page 489
EULA......Page 499