Analysis and evaluation of sampled imaging systems

✍ Scribed by Richard H. Vollmerhausen, Donald A. Reago Jr., Ronald G. Driggers

• Publisher: SPIE
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 248
• Series: Tutorial texts in optical engineering TT87
• Edition: Pap/Cdr
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Advancing technology in detector arrays, flat panel displays, and digital image processing provides new opportunities to expand imaging applications and enhance system performance. Technical managers and design engineers are faced with evaluating the cost, weight, and performance of an ever-expanding selection of technology options. This tutorial text provides the theory, procedures, and information necessary to evaluate and compare the performance of available imaging technologies. Part I updates the earlier work presented in Analysis of Sampled Imaging Systems (2000). Part II discusses performance evaluation of electro-optical imagers. Part III provides computer programs (on a supplemental CD-ROM) and up-to-date information on detector arrays, optics, and display options.

The book covers a variety of display formats and interfaces, and provides detailed information on available focal plane arrays (FPAs). Particular emphasis is placed on theory and practice for the wide variety of available infrared FPAs. Technologies represented include InSb, HgCdTe, QWIP, and uncooled thermal arrays. Information is provided on the quantum efficiency, blur, crosstalk, and noise characteristics of each technology. The detector and array dimensions of available FPAs are provided. The information on optics, display, and FPA subassemblies allows the model user to make quick and realistic performance assessments of electro-optical imager designs

✦ Table of Contents

Content: Part I. Analysis of sampled imaging systems. Chapter 1. The sampling process --
1.1. Description of a sampled imager --
1.2. Description of the sampling process --
1.3. Linearity and shift invariance --
1.4. Signal reconstruction --
1.5. Three ways of viewing the sampling process. --
1.5.1. The displayed image as the sum of its parts
--
1.5.2. The display as a filter of the image samples
--
1.5.3. The display as a filter of the sampled image --
1.6. The sampling theorem. --
1.6.1. Theory
--
1.6.2. Example
--
1.6.3. Discussion --
Bibliography. Appendix. Observer vision model. A.1. Contrast threshold function --
A.2. Engineering model of the eye --
References --
Index. Chapter 10. Imagers of reflected light. 10.1. Calculating target set contrast --
10.2. System contrast threshold function. 10.2.1. Interlace
10.2.2. Snapshot and frame integration --
10.3. Predicting Range Performance --
Bibliography. Chapter 12. Infrared focal plane arrays. 12.1. Photon detector infrared focal plane arrays. 12.1.1. Photon detector basic principles
12.1.2. Readout integrated circuit
12.1.3. Photon detector dark current --
12.2. IR FPA performance characterization. 12.2.1. Responsivity and detectivity background-limit performance
12.2.2. Flux-based signal-to-noise ratio --
12.3. Commonly available photon detector FPAs. 12.3.1. Indium antimonide (InSb) detectors
12.3.2. Quantum well infrared photoconductor (QWIP) detectors
12.3.3. Mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) detectors --
12.4. Uncooled detectors. 12.4.1. Introduction
12.4.2. Signal-to-noise ratio and performance limits
12.4.3. Typical uncooled detectors --
References. Chapter 2. Fourier integral representation of an optical image. 2.1. Linear shift-invariant optical systems --
2.2. Equivalence of spatial and frequency domain filters --
2.3. Reducing LSI imager analysis to one dimension --
2.4. Perspectives on one-dimensional analysis --
2.5. Imager modulation transfer functions. 2.5.1. Imager components
2.5.2. Line-of-sight jitter
2.5.3. Electronic stabilization
2.5.4. Motion blur
2.5.5. Field replication
2.5.6. Analog electronic filters
2.5.7. Display MTF --
Bibliography. Chapter 3. Sampled Imager Response Function. 3.1. Fourier transform of a sampled image --
3.2. The sampled imager response function --
3.3. Examples of sampled imager response functions. 3.3.1. Example 1: The pictures of Lena in Chapter 1
3.3.2. Example 2: Effect of changing sample rate
3.3.3. Example 3: Midwave thermal imager
3.3.4. Example 4: Two-dimensional SIR example --
Bibliography. Chapter 4 Sampled imager optimization. 4.1. Interpolation Implementation --
Bibliography. Chapter 5. Interlace and dither. 5.1. Sampling improvement with static scene --
5.2. Resolution and sensitivity --
5.3. Effect of scene-to-sensor motion --
Bibliography. Chapter 7. Evaluating imager resolution. 7.1. Imager evaluation procedure --
7.2. Modeling gain, level, and the user interface --
7.3. Observer vision --
7.4. Predicting probability of identification. 7.4.1. Comparing experimental data to model predictions --
7.5. Test sets other than tactical vehicles --
Bibliography. Chapter 8. Quantifying the effect of aliasing on visual task performance. 8.1. Model treatment of spatial noise --
8.2. Treatment of temporal noise in detectivity versus photon-counting models --
8.3. Relating target and imager coordinate systems --
8.4. Spatial scaling of aliasing noise --
Bibliography. Chapter 9. Thermal imager topics. 9.1. Effective blackbody temperature --
9.2. Signal and noise in the detectivity model --
9.3. Thermal imager contrast threshold function --
9.4. Adding aliasing noise --
9.5. Predicting range performance --
9.6. Modeling contrast enhancement and boost --
9.7. Minimum resolvable temperature. 9.7.1. Predicting minimum resolvable temperature
9.7.2. Predicting sampled imager minimum resolvable temperature
9.7.3. Improving the minimum resolvable temperature procedure --
Bibliography. Part II. Evaluating the performance of electro-optical imagers. Chapter 6. Quantifying visual task performance. 6.1. Specifying and evaluating field performance --
6.2. Factors that influence target identification --
6.3. Measuring target signatures --
6.4. Experimental procedure --
6.5. Field test procedure --
6.6. Test sets other than tactical vehicles --
6.7. Field testing using bar targets. Part III. Applications. Chapter 11. Computer programs and application data. 11.1. Optics modulation transfer function. 11.1.1. Thermal imagers
11.1.2. Imagers of reflected light --
11.2. Display modulation transfer function. 11.2.1. Cathode ray tubes
11.2.2. Liquid crystal displays
11.2.3. Display interface format --
11.3. Atmospheric transmission and turbulence. 11.3.1. Atmosphere in the reflective model
11.3.2. Atmosphere in the thermal model
11.3.3. Atmospheric turbulence --
11.4. Detector calculations. 11.4.1. Detector noise
11.4.2. Detector modulation transfer function --
11.5. Computer program description --
11.6. Imager analysis using the programs. 11.6.1. Imager resolution
11.6.2. System contrast threshold function
11.6.3. Range plots --
References --
Bibliography.