Analog Circuits and Devices

✍ Scribed by Wai-Kai Chen

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2003
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 475
• Series: Principles and Applications in Engineering Series 6
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The Principles and Application in Engineering Series is a new series of convenient, economical references sharply focused on particular engineering topics and subspecialties. Each volume in this series comprises chapters carefully selected from CRC's bestselling handbooks, logically organized for optimum convenience, and thoughtfully priced to fit every budget. Extracted from the best-selling VLSI Handbook, Analog Circuits and Devices provides a comprehensive resource covering the spectrum of devices and their models. In addition to practical discussions on amplifiers, circuits and filters, and compound semiconductor digital integrated circuit technology, it also includes chapters on design automation, design languages, and algorithms and architectures.

✦ Table of Contents

ANALOG CIRCUITS and DEVICES......Page 2
Preface......Page 4
Editor-in-Chief......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
1.1 Introduction......Page 12
1.3 Basic Operation of the BJT......Page 13
1.4 Use of the BJT as an Amplifier......Page 16
Ohmic Effects......Page 17
Reactive Effects......Page 18
1.8 Heterojunction Bipolar Junction Transistors......Page 19
1.9 Integrated Circuit Biasing Using Current Mirrors......Page 20
Current Source Operating Voltage Range......Page 21
Current Mirror Analysis......Page 22
Current Mirror with Reduced Error......Page 24
1.10 The Basic BJT Switch......Page 25
1.11 High-Speed BJT Switching......Page 27
Overall Transient Response......Page 28
1.13 Emitter-Coupled Logic......Page 30
A Closer Look at the Differential Stage......Page 32
References......Page 34
2.2 Fractal Capacitors......Page 35
Lateral Flux Capacitors......Page 36
Fractals......Page 37
Fractal Capacitor Structures......Page 39
Understanding Substrate Effects......Page 42
Modified Wheeler Formula......Page 45
Expression Based on Current Sheet Approximation......Page 47
2.4 On-Chip Transformers......Page 48
Monolithic Transformer Realizations......Page 49
Analytical Transformer Models......Page 50
References......Page 55
The Threshold Voltage......Page 56
The Drain Current......Page 58
MOSFET Output Resistance......Page 59
MOSFET Transconductance......Page 60
Layout of the MOSFET......Page 61
The Current Mirror......Page 62
Layout of Current Mirrors......Page 63
The Cascode Current Mirror......Page 64
Low-Voltage Cascode Current Mirror......Page 66
Temperature Dependence of Resistors and MOSFETS......Page 67
The Self-Biased Beta Multiplier Current Reference......Page 68
A Comment about Stability......Page 69
The Simple Unbuffered Op-Amp......Page 70
The Differential Amplifier......Page 71
The Gain Stage......Page 72
Frequency Response......Page 73
Compensation......Page 76
Other AC Specifications......Page 78
Large Signal Considerations......Page 81
Tradeoff Example......Page 83
A Word about Circuit Simulation......Page 84
Other Output Stages......Page 85
High-Performance Operational-Amplifier Considerations......Page 86
Power Supply Rejection......Page 87
Slew Rate......Page 89
Output Swing......Page 92
DC Gain......Page 93
Gain Bandwidth and Phase Margin......Page 94
References......Page 96
Bipolar Transistor Operation......Page 97
Basic Bipolar Amplifier Concepts......Page 98
Common-Emitter Amplifier......Page 100
Small-Signal Gain......Page 101
Stabilizing the Common-Emitter’s Operating Point......Page 104
Frequency Response of the Common-Emitter Amplifier......Page 111
Common-Collector Amplifier (Emitter Follower)......Page 113
Small-Signal Gain......Page 114
Common-Base Amplifier......Page 115
Darlington and Pseudo-Darlington Pairs......Page 117
Introduction: Amplification of dc and Difference Signals......Page 118
Low-Frequency Large-Signal Analysis......Page 120
Low-Frequency Small-Signal Analysis......Page 122
Small-Signal Frequency Response......Page 126
Input Offset Voltage......Page 127
Input Offset Current......Page 129
Active Load......Page 130
Emitter Degeneration......Page 132
Parallel Combination of Asymmetrical Differential Pairs......Page 133
Rail-to-Rail Common-Mode Inputs and Minimum Supply Voltage Requirement......Page 135
Class A Operation......Page 136
Class B and Class AB Operation......Page 139
4.5 Bias Reference......Page 141
Ideal Op-Amps......Page 145
Finite Gain......Page 146
Finite Bandwidth......Page 148
Slew Rate, Full-Power Bandwidth, and Unity-Gain Frequency......Page 149
Articles......Page 152
5.1 Introduction......Page 153
Current Feedback Op-Amp Basics......Page 154
Buffer and CFOA Implementation......Page 157
Linearity......Page 164
Noise Figure of CS Input Stage......Page 165
CMOS Common-Source LNA: Effect of Cgd......Page 166
Input Impedance with Inductive Load......Page 167
Voltage Gain......Page 168
Noise Figure......Page 169
PIN Photodiode Noise......Page 170
Equivalent Input Noise Current…......Page 171
SNR at the Photodiode Terminal......Page 172
Transimpedance (TZ) Amplifiers......Page 173
I/O Pads......Page 175
Power Amplifier Classification......Page 176
Class AB......Page 177
Class D......Page 178
Class E......Page 180
IF Sampling......Page 181
Linear Region Transconductor Implementation......Page 183
Filter Implementation......Page 185
Simulation Results......Page 186
Log-Domain Filter Synthesis......Page 188
Tuning Range......Page 190
Finite Current Gain......Page 191
The Basic Log-Domain Integrator......Page 193
Component Mismatch......Page 194
Ohmic Resistance......Page 195
Frequency Limitations......Page 196
Synthesis of Higher-Order Log-Domain Filters......Page 197
References......Page 198
6.2 Noise Behavior of the OTA......Page 201
6.3 An OTA with an Improved Output Swing......Page 204
OTAs with 1:B Current Mirrors......Page 206
OTA with Improved Output Stage......Page 207
Adaptively Biased OTAs......Page 208
Class AB OTAs......Page 212
6.5 Common-Mode Feedback......Page 214
6.6 Filter Applications with Low-Voltage OTAs......Page 216
References......Page 217
7.1 Introduction......Page 219
Resolution......Page 220
Monotonicity......Page 221
Nyquist-Rate vs. Oversampling......Page 222
State of the Art......Page 223
Technical Challenge in Digital Wireless......Page 224
Slope-Type ADC......Page 225
Successive-Approximation ADC......Page 226
Flash ADC......Page 227
Multi-Step ADC......Page 229
Digital Error Correction......Page 231
One-Bit Pipeline ADC......Page 234
Folding ADC......Page 235
7.4 ADC Design Considerations......Page 236
Sampling Error Considerations......Page 237
Techniques for High-Resolution and High-Speed ADCs......Page 239
7.5 DAC Design Arts......Page 240
Resistor-String DAC......Page 241
R-2R Ladder DAC......Page 242
Thermometer-Coded Segmented DAC......Page 243
Integrator-Type DAC......Page 244
Effect of Limited Slew Rate......Page 245
Techniques for High-Resolution DACs......Page 246
References......Page 247
8.1 Introduction......Page 249
Time-Domain Representation......Page 250
Frequency-Domain Representation......Page 255
Sigma-Delta Modulators in Data Converters......Page 259
Tones......Page 260
High-Order Modulators......Page 262
Cascaded Modulators......Page 264
Bandpass Modulators......Page 266
Anti-Alias and Reconstruction Filters......Page 267
Decimation and Interpolation Filters......Page 268
Switched-Capacitor Integrators......Page 269
Operational Amplifiers......Page 271
D/A Circuits......Page 275
Continuous-Time Modulators......Page 277
kT/C Noise......Page 278
Amplifier Gain......Page 279
Sampling-Non-linearity and Reference Corruption......Page 280
Multi-level Feedback......Page 283
References......Page 284
9.1 Introduction......Page 288
Active Devices......Page 289
Passive Devices......Page 290
Receiver Topologies......Page 291
Full Integration......Page 292
The LNA......Page 293
Synthesizer Topology......Page 299
The Oscillator......Page 301
Fully Integrated Synthesizer......Page 303
9.5 The Transmitter......Page 304
Down-Conversion vs. Up-Conversion......Page 305
Linear MOS Mixers......Page 306
The High-Frequency Current Buffer......Page 308
Intrinsic Non-Linearity of the Mixer Transistors......Page 309
Oscillator Feedthrough......Page 311
9.7 Conclusion......Page 312
References......Page 313
Basic Operation Concepts of Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs)......Page 315
Basic Topology......Page 316
Second-Order Loop......Page 317
Other-Order Loop......Page 321
Tracking Process......Page 322
Lock-in Process......Page 324
Acquisition Process......Page 326
Delay-Locked Loop......Page 327
Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loop......Page 328
PLL Noise Performance......Page 330
Voltage-Controlled Oscillators......Page 332
Phase and Frequency Detectors......Page 334
Clock and Data Recovery......Page 336
Clock Recovery Architecture......Page 338
Frequency Synthesizer......Page 340
References......Page 343
11.1 Introduction......Page 345
11.2 State-Variable Synthesis Techniques......Page 346
Biquadratic Filters......Page 347
Leapfrog Filters......Page 349
Gm-C Integrators and Filters......Page 353
Gm-C Integrator Frequency Response Errors......Page 360
Gm-OTA-C Filters......Page 361
MOSFET-C Filters......Page 363
Alternate Continuous-Time Filter Techniques......Page 368
Direct Tuning......Page 369
Master-Slave Tuning......Page 370
Q Tuning Loops......Page 373
References......Page 374
12.1 Introduction......Page 377
12.2 Sampled-Data Analog Filters......Page 378
12.3 The Principle of the SC Technique......Page 380
The Active SC Integrators......Page 382
The Active Damped SC Integrator......Page 383
A Design Example......Page 384
The Fleischer & Laker Biquad......Page 385
Design Methodology......Page 386
Design Example......Page 388
High-Order Filters......Page 389
12.6 Implementation Aspects......Page 390
Integrated Capacitors......Page 391
MOS Switches......Page 392
Transconductance Amplifier......Page 393
Charge Injection......Page 394
Finite Op-Amp dc-Gain Effects......Page 395
Finite Bandwidth and Slew-Rate......Page 396
Noise in SC Systems......Page 397
CDS Offset-Compensated SC Integrator......Page 398
Chopper Technique......Page 399
Finite-Gain Compensated SC Integrator......Page 400
The Very-Long Time-Constant Integrator......Page 401
Double-Sampling Technique......Page 402
Precise Op-Amp Gain (POG) for High-Speed SC Structures......Page 403
Low-Voltage Switched-Capacitor Solutions......Page 405
References......Page 407
13.2 Compound Semiconductor Materials......Page 410
13.3 Why III-V Semiconductors?......Page 411
13.4 Heterojunctions......Page 412
References......Page 414
14.2 Unifying Principle for Active Devices: Charge Control Principle......Page 415
14.3 Comparing Unipolar and Bipolar Transistors......Page 420
Field-Effect (Unipolar) Transistor......Page 421
Bipolar Junction Transistors (Homojunction and Heterojunction)......Page 423
Comparing Parameters......Page 426
14.4 Typical Device Structures......Page 427
FET Structures......Page 428
FET Performance......Page 429
HBT Performance......Page 430
References......Page 431
15.2 Static Logic Design......Page 432
Direct-Coupled FET Logic......Page 433
Source-Coupled FET Logic......Page 434
Static and Dynamic Noise Margin and Noise Sources......Page 436
Power Dissipation......Page 438
Zero-Order Delay Estimate......Page 439
Time Constant Delay Methods: Elmore Delay and Risetime......Page 441
Time Constant Methods: Open-Circuit Time Constants......Page 443
Time Constant Methods: Complications......Page 448
References......Page 449
DCFL NOR and NAND Gate......Page 450
Buffering DCFL Outputs......Page 451
Source-Coupled FET Logic (SCFL)......Page 452
SCFL Two-Level Series-Gated Circuit......Page 453
High-Speed TDM Applications......Page 456
Very-High-Speed Dynamic Circuits......Page 457
III-V HBT for Circuit Designers......Page 459
Current-Mode Logic......Page 460
Emitter-Coupled Logic......Page 462
ECL/CML Logic Examples......Page 464
Advanced ECL/CML Logic Examples......Page 466
HBT Circuit Design Examples......Page 471
References......Page 473