An Introduction to Satellite Communications

✍ Scribed by D.I. Dalgleish

• Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
• Year: 1989
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 352
• Series: I E E Telecommunications Series
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The aim of this book is to give a clear and concise exposition of the principles and practice of satellite communications by describing the development of communications-satellite services. It will be useful both to engineers who have worked in other fields of telecommunication and to students.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 13
1.1 Introduction......Page 14
1.2 The first satellites......Page 15
1.3.1 TELSTAR......Page 16
1.4 Early progress in the USSR and the MOLNIYA orbit......Page 18
1.5.1 Introduction......Page 19
1.5.2 INTELSAT I......Page 20
1.5.4 INTELSAT III and global-beam antennas......Page 22
1.5.5 INTELSATIV and spot-beam antennas......Page 25
1.5.6 INTELSATIVA and frequency reuse by means of directional antennas......Page 28
1.5.7 INTELSATV and frequency reuse by dual polarisation......Page 29
1.5.8 INTELSAT VI......Page 33
1.5.10 Competition with INTELSAT......Page 35
1.6.2 Canada......Page 36
1.6.3 USA......Page 37
1.6.5 Other countries......Page 38
1.6.7 Leased transponders......Page 39
1.7 Small earth-station antennas and specialised services......Page 40
1.7.1 IBS......Page 41
1.7.3 VSATs......Page 42
1.8.1 Maritime......Page 44
1.8.3 Land......Page 45
1.9 Direct broadcasting......Page 46
1.10.1 Analogue modulation......Page 49
1.10.2 Digital transmission......Page 52
1.11.2 Television......Page 58
1.11.3 Mobile services......Page 59
1.11.4 Technical development......Page 60
2.1 The geostationary orbit......Page 62
2.2 Visibility of satellites from the earth......Page 64
2.3.2 Basic principle of launchers......Page 67
2.3.3 Launch vehicles and launching......Page 70
2.4.2 The service module......Page 78
2.4.3 The communications module......Page 95
2.5 Reliability......Page 103
3.1.1 Path loss......Page 106
3.1.2 Noise power......Page 107
3.1.4 The link equations......Page 108
3.1.6 Link budgets......Page 110
3.2.1 Antenna gain......Page 111
3.2.2 Noise temperature......Page 112
3.2.3 Solar interference......Page 113
3.2.5 Antenna gain off axis......Page 115
3.2.7 Polarisation......Page 116
3.3.2 GIT......Page 117
3.3.3 EIRP......Page 118
3.4.1 Harmonics and intermodulation products......Page 119
3.4.2 Third-order IM products......Page 120
3.4.3 Backoff......Page 123
3.5.2 Atmospheric effects......Page 126
3.6.1 Sources of interference......Page 133
3.6.2 Interference between systems sharing the same frequency bands......Page 134
3.6.3 Procedures of the ITU......Page 137
3.7.1 Introduction......Page 140
3.7.2 Link Budget 1......Page 142
3.7.3 Link Budget 2......Page 144
3.7.5 Link Budget 4......Page 145
3.7.6 Link Budget 5......Page 147
4.1.1 Systems using FM......Page 149
4.1.2 Specifying system performance......Page 151
4.2.1 Spectrum of an FM signal......Page 154
4.2.2 Signal-to-noise power ratio of an FM transmission after demodulation......Page 155
4.2.3 Signal-to-noise power ratio in an FDM-FM channel......Page 156
4.2.4 FM threshold......Page 159
4.2.5 Bandwidth required for FDM-FM transmissions......Page 161
4.2.6 Calculation of required carrier-to-noise power ratio for an FDM-FM transmission......Page 164
4.3.2 Group-delay distortion......Page 168
4.3.3 AM-PM conversion and intelligible crosstalk......Page 171
4.4 Energy dispersal......Page 172
4.4.1 Spectral power density......Page 173
4.4.2 Energy dispersal......Page 174
4.5.1 Syllabic compandors......Page 176
4.5.2 CFDM......Page 179
4.6 SCPC-FM......Page 180
4.7.1 Introduction......Page 182
4.7.2 Relay of composite signals......Page 183
4.7.3 TV sound......Page 190
4.7.5 DBS and MAC......Page 191
5.1 Introduction......Page 193
5.2.1 Sampling......Page 194
5.2.2 Coding......Page 195
5.2.3 Decoding......Page 196
5.3.1 Introduction......Page 197
5.3.2 Differential PCM and delta modulation......Page 198
5.3.3 Very-low-rate encoding......Page 201
5.3.4 Low-rate encoding of television......Page 202
5.4 Time-division multiplexing (TDM)......Page 203
5.5 Digital speech interpolation (DSI)......Page 205
5.5.2 Freeze-out......Page 206
5.8.1 CDMA......Page 234
5.8.2 FDMA......Page 235
5.8.3 Time-division multiple access (TDMA)......Page 237
5.8.4 Random-access TDMA......Page 244
5.9 Interfaces with terrestrial networks......Page 245
5.10 Error performance objectives......Page 246
6.1 Growth of maritime radio communications......Page 249
6.2 First steps towards an international maritime satellite service......Page 250
6.3 MARISAT, the first maritime satellite-communications system......Page 251
6.4.1 INMARSAT becomes operational......Page 252
6.4.2 Services available......Page 254
6.4.3 Setting up a call......Page 255
6.4.4 Ship earth stations (SESs)......Page 260
6.4.5 Coast earth stations (CESs)......Page 262
6.4.6 The space sector......Page 265
6.5.1 Second generation......Page 268
6.5.2 Third generation......Page 270
6.6.1 Introduction......Page 271
6.6.2 Operation of the system......Page 275
6.7.1 FGMDSS......Page 278
6.7.2 EPIRBs......Page 279
6.8 Aeronautical satellite communications......Page 280
6.9 Land-mobile systems......Page 283
6.10 Navigation and position-fixing systems......Page 286
7.1 Introduction......Page 288
7.2.1 Requirements......Page 289
7.2.2 Interference......Page 290
7.3.1 Gain and noise temperature......Page 297
7.3.2 Configuration......Page 299
7.3.3 Radiation patterns......Page 304
7.3.4 Polarisation......Page 307
7.3.5 Antenna pointing and tracking......Page 314
7.3.6 Structure, stability and safety......Page 318
7.3.7 Radiation hazards......Page 322
7.4.2 Earth-station noise temperature and low-noise amplifiers......Page 324
7.4.3 High-power amplifiers (HPAs)......Page 327
7.4.4 Signal processing equipment......Page 332
7.4.5 Supervisory and control equipment......Page 340
Short Bibliography......Page 342
List of abbreviations......Page 344
Index......Page 346
BackCover......Page 352