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An Introduction to Game Theory

✍ Scribed by Levent Kockesen, Efe A. Ok


Year
2007
Tongue
English
Leaves
141
Category
Library

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✦ Table of Contents


Table of Contents
1 Introduction 5
1.1 What is Game Theory? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Our Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Strategic Form Games with Complete Information 21
2.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Strategic Form Solution Concepts 29
3.1 Dominant Strategy Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Dominance Solvability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Nash Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4 Nash Equilibrium and Dominant/Dominated Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.5 Difficulties with Nash Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.1 A Nash equilibrium may involve a weakly dominated action by some players. 48
4 Strategic Form Games: Applications 55
5 Mixed Strategy Equilibrium 71
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 Mixed Strategies and Expected Payoffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.3 Mixed Strategy Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.4 Dominated Actions and Mixed Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6 Bayesian Games 79
6.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.2 Bayesian Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.3 Some Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
6.3.1 Large Battle of the Sexes with incomplete information . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.3.2 Cournot Duopoly with incomplete information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7 Extensive Form Games with Perfect Information 85
7.1 Extensive Form Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.1.1 Game Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.1.2 Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.2 Backward Induction Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.2.1 Commitment and Mover Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.3 Game Trees: A More Formal Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.4 Strategic Form of an Extensive Form Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.5 Extensive Form Games with Imperfect Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7.5.1 Subgames and Subgame Perfect Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8 Extensive Form Games: Applications 99
8.1 Bargaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.1.1 Ultimatum Bargaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.1.2 Alternating Offers Bargaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.1.3 Unique Subgame Perfect Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.1.4 Properties of the Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9 Repeated Games 107
9.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9.3 Equilibria of Infinitely Repeated Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
10 Auctions 117
10.1 Independent Private Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
10.1.1 Second Price Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
10.1.2 First Price Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
10.1.3 All-Pay Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
10.2 Revenue Equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
10.3 Common Values and The Winner’s Curse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
10.4 Auction Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
10.4.1 Need for a Reserve Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
10.4.2 Common Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10.4.3 Risk-Averse Bidders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1274 TABLE OF CONTENTS
10.4.4 Practical Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
11 Extensive Form Games with Incomplete Information 131
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
11.2 Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.3 Signalling Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

✦ Subjects


game theory


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