An Introduction to Advanced Fluid Dynamics and Fluvial Processes

✍ Scribed by B. S. Mazumder, T. I. Eldho

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 661
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book covers fluid dynamics and fluvial processes, including basics applicable to open channel flow followed by turbulence characteristics related to sediment-laden flows. It presents well-balanced exposure of physical concepts, mathematical treatments, validation of the models/theories, and experimentations using modern electronic gadgets within the scope. In addition, it explores fluid motions, sediment-fluid interactions, erosion and scouring, sediment suspension and bed load transportation, image processing for particle dynamics, and various problems of applied fluid mechanics in natural sciences.

Features:

• Gives comprehensive treatment on fluid dynamics and fluvial process from fundamentals to advanced level applications in one volume
• Presents knowledge on sediment transport and its interaction with turbulence
• Covers recent methodologies in the study of turbulent flow theories with verification of laboratory data collected by ADV, PIV, URS, LDA, and imaging techniques, and field data collected by MMB and S4 current meters
• Explores the latest empirical formulae for the estimations of bed load, saltation, suspension, and bedform migration
• Contains theory to experimentations with field practices with comprehensive explanations and illustrations

This book is aimed at senior undergraduates, engineering and applied science postgraduate and research students working in mechanical, civil, geo-sciences, and chemical engineering departments pertaining to fluid mechanics, hydraulics, sediment transportation, and turbulent flows.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Fluid Dynamics
1.3 Fluid Flow Analysis
1.4 Fluid Turbulence
1.5 Fluvial Hydraulics
1.6 Sediment Transport
1.7 Scope of the Book
1.8 Highlights of the Book
1.9 Book Content and Its Usage
1.10 Summary
Chapter 2 Fundamental Fluid Properties and Definitions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Continuum Mechanics
2.3 Fluid Properties
2.4 Perfect and Real Fluids
2.5 Viscosity
2.6 Dimensionless Numbers
2.7 Statistical Analysis
2.7.1 Probability
2.8 Concepts on Laminar and Turbulent Flows
2.9 Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics
2.10 Open Channel Flow
2.11 Sediment Transport
2.12 Summary
2.13 Exercise Problems
Chapter 3 Elementary Fluid Kinematics and Dynamics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Descriptions of Fluid Motion
3.2.1 Lagrangian Approach
3.2.2 Eulerian Approach
3.3 Streamlines and Pathlines
3.4 Vorticity
3.4.1 Relation between Vorticity and Angular Velocity
3.5 Material Derivative and Acceleration
3.6 Equation of Continuity (Conservation of Mass)
3.7 Equations of Motion (Conservation of Momentum)
3.8 Bernoulli’s Equation (Conservation of Energy)
3.9 Applications of the Bernoulli’s Equation
3.9.1 Bernoulli’s Equation with Head Loss
3.9.2 Trajectory of a Free Jet
3.9.3 Pitot Tube or Stagnation Tube
3.9.4 Venturi Meter
3.10 Potential Flow
3.10.1 Laplace Equation in Different Coordinate Systems
3.11 Summary
3.12 Exercise Problems
Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of Viscous Fluid Flows
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Flow through a Pipe (Hagen–Poiseuille Flow)
4.3 Similarity Principles
4.3.1 Dimensional Analysis
4.3.2 Derivations of Some Dimensionless Numbers
4.4 Drag and Lift Forces
4.4.1 Drag and Lift Analysis
4.5 Viscous Boundary Layers
4.5.1 Estimation of Boundary Layer Thickness
4.5.2 Flow Separation and Vortex Formation
4.5.2.1 Separation of Flow
4.6 Basic Equations of Laminar Flow (Navier–Stokes Equations)
4.7 Vorticity Transport Equations
4.8 Some Exact Solutions of Navier–Stokes Equations
4.8.1 Parallel Flow through a Straight Channel
4.8.2 Couette Flow
4.8.3 Generalized Couette Flow
4.8.4 Steady Flow Through Pipes
4.8.4.1 Maximum and Average Velocities
4.8.5 Flow Between Two Co-Axial Cylinders
4.8.6 Flow Between Two Concentric Rotating Cylinders
4.9 Unsteady Motion of a Flat Plate (Stokes’s First Problem)
4.9.1 Unsteady Flow due to an Oscillating Flat Plate (Stokes’s Second Problem)
4.10 Stagnation Point Flows
4.11 Low Reynolds Number Flows (High Viscosity)
4.11.1 Creeping Flows
4.11.2 Stokes’s Law and Applications
4.11.3 Hydrodynamic Lubrication
4.12 Summary
4.13 Exercise Problems
Chapter 5 Boundary Layer Theory
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Boundary Layer Equations and Approximations
5.2.1 Prandtl’s Boundary Layer Equations
5.2.2 Some Physical Properties of Boundary Layers
5.2.2.1 Skin-Friction Coefficient
5.2.2.2 Separation Point
5.3 Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
5.3.1 Shear Stress and Boundary Layer Thickness
5.4 Boundary Layer with Pressure Gradient on a Surface
5.5 Momentum Integral Theorem for the Boundary Layer Flow
5.5.1 The von-Karman Integral Relations
5.6 Applications of the Momentum Integral Equation to Boundary Layers
5.6.1 von-Karman – Pohlhausen Method for Non-Zero Pressure Gradient
5.6.2 For Zero Pressure Gradient
5.7 Boundary Layer for Entry Flow in a Duct
5.8 Summary
5.9 Exercise Problems
Chapter 6 Turbulent Flow Analysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows
6.2.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow
6.2.2 Intermittent Flows
6.3 Transition in Boundary Layer Over Solid Body
6.4 Principles of Stability Theory
6.4.1 Method of Small Disturbances
6.5 Fundamentals of Turbulent Flows
6.5.1 Time-Averaged Motion and Fluctuations
6.5.2 Reynolds Equations and Reynolds Stresses
6.5.3 Boundary Conditions for Velocity Components
6.5.4 Turbulent Boundary Layer Equations
6.6 Classical Turbulence Modeling Using Semi-Empirical Theories
6.6.1 Boussinesq’s Eddy Viscosity Hypothesis
6.6.2 Prandtl’s Mixing Length Hypothesis
6.6.3 von-Karman Similarity Hypothesis
6.7 Velocity Distributions Over the Flat Surface
6.7.1 Linear Law in the Viscous Sub-Layer in the Inner Layer
6.7.2 Velocity Distribution from Prandtl’s Mixing Length Theory
6.7.3 Velocity-Distribution from von-Karman’s Hypothesis
6.7.4 Velocity Distribution from Cole’s Law of Wake Strength for the Whole Layer
6.7.5 Velocity Distribution Due to van Driest’s Damping Concept to the Wall
6.7.6 Velocity Distributions over Rough Surface
6.7.7 Universal Velocity Distribution Laws Through Pipes
6.8 Universal Resistance Law
6.8.1 Universal Resistance Law through Smooth Pipes at Large Reynolds Numbers
6.8.2 Universal Resistance Law for Rough Pipes at Large Reynolds Numbers
6.9 Derivations of Energy Equations
6.9.1 Kinetic Energy Equation for Laminar Flow
6.9.2 Kinetic Energy Equation for Fluctuating Flow
6.9.3 Kinetic Energy Equation for the Mean Flow
6.9.4 Equations for Turbulent Kinetic Energy in Cartesian Coordinate System
6.9.5 Turbulent Energy Equation for Boundary Layer Flows
6.10 Mean Flows and Turbulence Characteristics
6.10.1 Mean Flows
6.10.2 Turbulence Intensities and Reynolds Shear Stresses
6.10.2.1 Turbulence Intensities
6.10.2.2 Reynolds Shear Stresses
6.10.2.3 Correlation Coefficients
6.10.3 Turbulence Bursting Process
6.10.4 Quadrant Threshold Technique
6.10.5 Theoretical Model for Turbulence Bursting
6.10.6 Distribution of Eddy Viscosity
6.10.7 Mixing Length
6.10.8 Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE)
6.10.9 Coefficients of Skewness and Kurtosis
6.10.10 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Flux
6.10.11 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budget
6.10.12 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Production
6.10.13 Kinetic Energy Dissipation
6.11 Isotropic Turbulence
6.11.1 Spectral Analysis
6.11.2 Turbulent Integral Length Scale and Energy Cascade
6.11.3 Taylor’s Length Scale
6.11.3.1 Kolmogorov Length Scale
6.11.4 Kolmogorov Hypothesis
6.12 Anisotropy of Turbulence
6.13 Turbulent Flow Analysis – Applications
6.14 Summary
6.15 Exercise Problems
Chapter 7 Turbulent Flow Measurements and Instrumentations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Instrumentations for Laboratory Flow Measurements
7.2.1 OTT Laboratory Propeller-Type Current Meter
7.2.2 Hot-Wire Anemometer
7.2.3 Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA)
7.2.4 Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV)
7.2.5 Particle Image Velocimetry
7.2.6 Flow Visualization Using Digital Imaging
7.2.7 Acoustic Bed Profiler (Ultrasonic Ranging System)
7.3 Field Velocity Measuring Instruments
7.3.1 Electromagnetic Current Meters
7.3.2 Inter-Ocean Current Meter (S4)
7.3.3 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
7.4 Hydraulic Flumes
7.4.1 Re-Circulating Flumes
7.4.1.1 Flume for Digital Imaging
7.4.2 Open Ended Hydraulic Flumes
7.5 Flume Experimental Setup: Case Studies
7.5.1 Flow Over Triangular-Shaped Waveform Structures
7.5.2 Flow Around Different Shapes of Piers
7.6 Turbulence in Natural Rivers
7.6.1 Mean Velocity and Turbulence Characteristics in Natural Rivers
7.7 Summary
7.8 Exercise Problems
Chapter 8 Sediment Transport Phenomena
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Properties of Individual Sediment Particles
8.2.1 Particle Size
8.2.2 Particle Shape
8.2.3 Terminal Fall Velocity of Sediment Particle
8.3 Motion with Linear Resistance
8.3.1 Motion with Nonlinear Resistance
8.3.2 Terminal Velocity
8.4 Effect of Particles on Viscosity
8.4.1 Stable Suspension for Spherical Particles
8.4.2 Unstable Suspension
8.4.3 Suspension of Non-Spherical Particles
8.5 Bulk Properties of Sediments
8.5.1 Grain-Size Distributions of Sediments
8.5.1.1 Characteristics of Frequency Curves
8.5.2 Grain Size Distributions (Log-Normal, Hyperbolic and Laplace)
8.5.2.1 Normal Distribution
8.5.2.2 Hyperbolic Distribution
8.5.2.3 Skew Laplace Distribution
8.5.3 Porosity and Specific Weight
8.5.4 Angle of Repose
8.6 Incipient Motion of Sediment Particles
8.6.1 Competent Velocity
8.6.1.1 Critical Velocity Equations
8.6.2 Lift Force Concept
8.6.3 Critical Tractive Force
8.6.3.1 Average Shear Stress
8.6.4 Critical Shear Stress
8.7 Semi-Empirical Equations for Incipient Motion
8.7.1 Shields’ Analysis (1936)
8.7.2 White’s Analysis (1940)
8.7.3 Kurihara’s Analysis (1948)
8.7.4 Iwagaki’s Analysis (1956)
8.7.5 Wiberg and Smith’s Analysis (1987)
8.7.6 Ling’s Analysis (1995)
8.7.7 Zanke’s Analysis (2003)
8.7.8 Further Developments
8.8 Shear Stress for Sloping of River Bed and Bank
8.9 River Bank Erosion
8.10 Probabilistic Concepts of Incipient Sediment Motion
8.11 Threshold of Incipient Motion Due to Turbulent Bursting
8.12 Threshold Motion of Mixed Grain Sizes
8.13 Summary
8.14 Exercise Problems
Chapter 9 Bed Load Transport, Suspension, and Total Load
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Modes of Sediment Movement
9.3 Bed Load Transport Phenomena
9.3.1 Basic Definitions
9.3.2 Transportation of Bed Load
9.4 Bed Load Transport Equations
9.4.1 Shear Stress Concept for Bed Load Equations
9.4.2 Bed Load Equations Based on Particle Velocity
9.4.3 Bed Load Equation Based on Concept of Shear-Layer Thickness
9.4.4 Bed Load Equations Based on Concept of Sliding and Rolling
9.4.5 Bed Load Equations for Non-Uniform Sediment
9.5 Probabilistic Concept for Bed-Load Transport
9.5.1 Einstein’s Bed Load Equations
9.5.1.1 Basic Concepts
9.5.1.2 Physical Model
9.5.1.3 Determination of Probability of Erosion
9.5.2 Gessler’s Equation (1965)
9.5.3 Modified Einstein’s Approach
9.6 Saltation
9.6.1 Bagnold’s Model (1966) due to Energy Concept
9.7 Image Analysis on Particle Motion
9.7.1 Particle Velocity and Its Characteristics over Rough Beds
9.8 Suspended Load
9.8.1 Theoretical Considerations of Suspension Equation
9.8.2 Velocity and Concentration Distributions in Sediment Mixed Fluid
9.8.3 Rouse Equation (1937) for Sediment Suspension
9.8.3.1 Applications
9.8.4 Einstein’s Approach (1950)
9.8.5 Hunt’s Diffusion Equation (1954) for Sediment Suspension
9.8.5.1 Heterogeneous Sediment Sizes
9.9 Direct Computation of Suspension Grain Size Distributions
9.9.1 Conditions of Log-Normality in Suspension
9.9.2 Computation of Deposition from Suspension
9.9.3 Uppsala (UNGI) Experiments
9.9.4 Calcutta (ISI) Experiments
9.9.5 Mathematical Model
9.9.5.1 Interpretation of Paleo-Flow Velocities
9.9.6 Mazumder’s Model (1994)
9.9.7 Other Developments
9.10 Sediment Concentration in Suspension
9.10.1 Van Rijn’s Equation (1984)
9.10.2 Woo et al.’s Equation (1988)
9.10.3 Umeyama’s Equations (1992, 1999)
9.10.4 Cellino and Graf’s Equation (2000)
9.10.5 Other Models
9.11 Stratification Effects by Suspension Concentration
9.11.1 Estimation of Near-Bed Velocity and Reference Concentration
9.12 Bed Roughness Effects on Suspension Distributions
9.12.1 Patterns of Grain-Size Distributions in the Transport Layer
9.13 Total Load
9.13.1 Total Load by Einstein (1950)
9.13.2 Total Load by Bagnold (1966)
9.13.3 Total load by Chang et al. (1967)
9.14 Summary
9.15 Exercise Problems
Chapter 10 Bedform Migration and Scour Structures
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Resistance to Flow
10.3 Resistance Formulae
10.3.1 Lacey’s Formula
10.3.2 Garde and Rangaraju’s Formula
10.4 Bedforms
10.5 Empirical Relations for Ripples and Dunes
10.6 Sand Bars
10.7 Theoretical Developments
10.8 Different Types of Ripples
10.9 Initiation of Bedforms
10.10 Bedform Migration
10.10.1 Bedform Migration – Model Studies
10.10.2 Laboratory Flume Studies
10.11 Scouring Process
10.11.1 Components of Scouring Process
10.11.2 Scour Below Pipe Lines
10.11.3 Crescentic Scour
10.11.3.1 General Analysis of Scour Geometry
10.11.4 Scour Around Submerged Cylinders of Different Shapes
10.12 Scour around Cylindrical Bridge Piers
10.13 Flow and Scour around Complex Bridge Piers
10.14 Scour Protection Measures
10.14.1 Bed Armoring Protective Measures
10.14.1.1 Riprap
10.14.1.2 Partially Grouted Riprap
10.14.1.3 Articulating Concrete Blocks (ACB)
10.14.1.4 Gabion Mattresses
10.14.1.5 Grout-Filled Mats
10.14.1.6 Sack Gabions
10.14.2 Flow Altering Protective Measures
10.14.2.1 Tetrahedral Frames
10.14.2.2 Ring Columns
10.14.2.3 Sheath
10.14.2.4 Collar
10.14.2.5 Cable with Collar
10.14.3 Combination Methods
10.14.3.1 Riprap and Collar
10.14.3.2 Raft with Flexible Apron
10.15 Experimental and Field Studies on Scour Protection Systems
10.15.1 Use of Raft Foundation as Scour Protection Measure
10.16 Summary
10.17 Exercise Problems
References
Subject Index