The follow-up results of surgical procedures for cancer of the pancreas at three affiliated hospitals during the past 15 years (1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989) were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the merit of pancreatectomy in surgical treatment of advanced stages of this disease. Included were 4 cases of stage I, 14 cases of stage 11, 19 cases of stage 111, 43 cases of localized stage IV, and 35 cases of generalized stage IV. Pancreatectomy was performed in 67 cases; 10096, 92.9%, 89.570, 67.4%, and 11.4% of the stage I, 11, 111, localized IV, and generalized IV cases, respectively. For the localized stage IV cases, in which the cancerous lesions were advanced but limited to the peripancreatic region, 29 pancreatectomies, 12 bypass operations, and 2 exploratory laparotomies were performed. This group included 17 curative and 12 noncurative pancreatectomies. The 50% survival periods were 257 days after curative pancreatectomy , 226 days after noncurative pancreatectomy, 120 days after bypass operation, and 33 days after exploratory laparotomy. The difference in overall survival rate between curative and noncurative pancreatectomies was not significant. The overall survival rates after both curative and noncurative pancreatectomies were significantly higher than the rate after bypass operation. The postoperative physical performance status after pancreatectomy was significantly better than after the palliative procedures. No significant difference in the status was found between patients after standard and extended pancreatectomies. There was no signifigant difference in the survival rates or the physical performance status between the pancreatectomy group and the palliative surgery group for the generalized stage IV cases, in which the cancerous lesions extended beyond the peripancreatic region. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that pancreatectomy extends the postoperative survival period without impairment of the physical performance status in patients with advanced cancer of the pancreas. Even when the pancreatectomy proves to be a noncurative resection, this aggressive surgical approach may be of benefit to this group of patients. It should be noted, however, that pancreatectomy is not beneficial to patients whose lesions have already become generalized.