American Government Political Development and Institutional Change

✍ Scribed by Calvin C. Jillson

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 679
• Edition: 11
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

How politics in America works today, how it got that way, and how it's likely to change through reform-these are the themes that pervade every chapter of Cal Jillson's highly lauded American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change. Even in the midst of current challenges, America's past is present in all aspects of the contemporary political system. Jillson uses political development and the dynamics of change as a thematic tool to help students understand how politics works now-and how institutions, participation, and policies have evolved over time to produce the contemporary political environment. In addition, Jillson helps students think critically about how American democracy might evolve further, focusing in every chapter on reform and further change. New to the 11th Edition Covers the 2020 elections with up-to-press-time data on both Congress and the Presidency. Assesses the impact of "fake news" in various forums and through various lenses--including news consumer biases, the prejudices and screens citizens bring to their consumption of news, and the purposeful manipulation of the news, whether by foreign actors like the Russians or domestic actors who use similar tactics to disrupt domestic political campaigns. Explores the impacts of COVID-19 and the Black Lives Matter Protests have on both government and constituents' responses to their government. Traces the course and impact of the Trump impeachment process including a new discussion of the 25th Amendment. Asks how our constitutional system of limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, and the rule of law are holding up under the stresses of the Trump administration-including ongoing instability in the cabinet and administration, the unprecedented exercise of executive privilege and "absolute rights," the politicization of the federal court system, and the threat of "America First" policies to national and international security. Features In a streamlined…

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Endorsement
Brief contents
Table of contents
Special features
Preface
Acknowledgments
The Author
Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
American Exceptionalism?
A Tradition to Draw From
The Ancients: Who Rules and for What Purposes?
The Greeks: Monarchy, Aristocracy, Democracy.
The Romans: Republicanism and Mixed Government.
The Middle Ages: The Secular Serves the Sacred
Secularism, Individualism, and the Idea of Progress
Secularism as a Focus on Humans in the World.
Individualism and the Protestant Reformation.
Science and the Idea of Human Progress.
The European Roots of American Politics
Oppression in Europe and the Settlement of America
Religious Persecution.
Denial of Social and Economic Opportunity.
Political Participation in the Early Colonies.
Space, Diversity, and Dissent in Colonial America
“Space” for Dissent.
Economic Opportunity and Social Fluidity.
Heterogeneity.
Equality and Tolerance.
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
The Founders and the People
Background to the Revolution
The Colonial Political Environment
Political Control in Colonial America.
Adding Economic Muscle.
Removal of the French Threat.
The Assertion of British Imperial Authority.
First Steps Toward Independence
The First Continental Congress.
Revolutionary Action.
The Second Continental Congress.
The Declaration of Independence
Governance during the Revolutionary Period
Independence Sparks Constitutional Change
The State Constitutions.
The Articles of Confederation.
Political Instability during “The Critical Period”
The Annapolis Convention.
Shays’s Rebellion.
The Constitutional Convention
The Delegates and Their Backgrounds
A Foundation of Basic Principles
Limited Government and the Idea of a Written Constitution.
Representative Government.
Federalism.
Separation of Powers.
Checks and Balances.
The Convention Debates
The Virginia Plan.
The New Jersey Plan.
The Great Compromise on Representation.
The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise.
The Compromises on Voting and Presidential Selection.
The Constitution as Finally Adopted
The Preamble: A Statement of Our Goals.
Article I: The Legislative Branch.
Article II: The Executive Branch.
Article III: The Judicial Branch.
Articles IV and VI: Federal Relations.
Article V: The Amendment Process.
Federalists versus Anti-Federalists.
A Concession to the Opposition: The Bill of Rights.
The Struggle over Ratification
Considering Constitutional Reform
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
If Marijuana is Illegal, Why Are They Selling It in California?
Federalism and American Political Development
The Original Meaning of Federalism
Federalism in the Constitution
Enumerated, Implied, and Inherent Powers
Concurrent Powers
Powers Denied to the National Government
Powers Reserved to the States
Powers Denied to State Governments
Federal Obligations to the States
Relations among the States
Full Faith and Credit.
Privileges and Immunities.
Extradition.
Chief Justice John Marshall and National Federalism.
Chief Justice Roger Taney and the States.
Dual Federalism and its Challengers
From Dual Federalism to Cooperative Federalism
The Industrialization and Urbanization of America
The Great Depression
Wickard v. Filburn
The Rise of Fiscal Federalism
LBJ: Creative Federalism and Grants-in-Aid
Nixon: Revenue Sharing and the First New Federalism
Reagan Turns Off the Tap: The Second New Federalism
The Struggle Between “Preemption” and “Devolution” in Modern Federalism
The Future of American Federalism
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
What Explains the U.S. Commitment to the Death Penalty?
Political Information in America
Political Culture: Defining the “American Creed”
Political Socialization: Where Our Ideas About Politics Come From
Agents of Socialization
Family, School, and Work.
The Media.
The Impacts of Transformative Events and Personalities.
The Nature of Public Opinion in the United States
History of Public Opinion Polling
Scientific Polling.
Kinds of Polls.
Should Citizens Believe Polls?
Variations in Socialization by Class, Race, and Gender
Class.
Race.
Ethnicity.
Gender.
Properties of Public Opinion
How Detailed Is Public Opinion?
General Principles versus Real Choices.
The Ambivalence of Public Opinion.
How Many Americans Think in Ideological Terms?
Ideological Types in the United States.
Political Ideology and the Coherence of Public Opinion
Pondering Reform Possibilities
Chapter summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Notes
Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
Edward Snowden and the Journalists Who Helped Him
The Mass Media
Historical Development of the Media
The Partisan Press, 1776–1880
Muckraker Journalism, 1880–1920
The Evolution of the Modern Media
The Rise of the Electronic Media
The Modern Media Explosion
Newspapers and Magazines.
Broadcast Radio and Television.
Cable, Satellites, and the Web.
Ownership and Regulation of the Media
Media Consolidation and Diffusion
Public Regulation
Media Influence and the Political Agenda
The Media, the Politicians, and Public Opinion
Where Do the Media Get the News?
Where Does the Public Get Its News?
Did the Internet Democratize Politics and the News?
Has the Internet Promoted Fake News?
The Media and the Electoral Process
Money and Media Access.
Horse-Race Political Coverage.
The Character Issue.
The Media and Defining Successful Governance
The President: Passing His Program.
Congress: Gridlock and Localism.
The Federal Courts: Ideological Imbalance.
Media Responsibility in American Politics
Entertainment versus Information
Why Americans Distrust Politics
Media Reform or Personal Responsibility
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
The First Amendment Rights to Assemble and Petition
Interest Groups
Interest Groups in American Politics
The Rise of Interest Groups
Madisonian Assumptions.
National Groups Emerge.
Modern Group System.
Types of Interest Groups
Private and Public Sector Occupational Groups.
Peak Associations
Public Interest and Citizen Groups.
Interest Group Resources
Size of Membership.
Intensity of Membership.
Prestige and Expertise of Members.
Organization and Leadership.
Strategic Alliances.
Interest Group Goals and Strategies
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The Role of Lobbyists.
Inside Lobbying.
Outside Lobbying.
Litigation.
The Fight Over Health Care Reform: a Lobbyist’s Donnybrook
The Origins of Health Care Reform
Interest Groups in the Health Care Debate
Key Provisions in the Health Care Bill
The Fight Goes On: Inside and Outside Lobbying after Adoption
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
Should the States Make Election Rules?
Political Parties in the United States
Party Eras in American Politics
The Preparty Period.
1800–1824: Federalists versus Jeffersonian Republicans.
1828–1856: Jacksonian Democrats versus Whigs.
1860–1892: The Civil War System.
1896–1928: The System of 1896.
1932–1964: The New Deal System.
1968–2016: The Era of Divided Government.
The State of Political Parties in the United States
Party in the Electorate
Party Identification: The Ties Loosen.
Partisan Identification: The Scales Rebalance.
The Breakdown of the 2020 Vote.
Party Organizations
Local Party Organizations.
Fifty State Organizations.
The National Party Organizations.
Party in Government
Promoting the President’s Program.
The Loyal Opposition.
The Impact of Minor Parties on American Politics
The Historical Role of Minor Parties
The Obstacles to Minor Party Success
What Is the Future of Minor Parties?
Party Reform in the Wake of 2020
The Relationship of Interest Groups to Political Parties in the United States
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
Do Corporations Have All the Rights of People?
Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
Voting and Nonvoting in American History
Expanding the Franchise, 1789–2020
Managing the Electorate, 1880–2020
What Might We Do to Increase Turnout?
Two Decisions: Whether to Vote and for Whom to Vote
Who Votes, Who Stays Home?
How Do Voters Make Up Their Minds?
Party Identification.
Party and Candidate Positions.
Candidate Attributes.
The Result: Volatile Turnout and Polarization.
Congressional Campaigns: Ambition and Organization
The Incumbency Advantage
Name Recognition and Advertising.
Fundraising Opportunities.
Challengers and Their Challenges
National Influences.
Local Considerations.
Running the Race
Campaign Organization.
Crafting the Themes.
Raising Money.
Running for the Presidency
Early Organization and Fundraising
The Nomination Campaign
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Caucuses and Primaries.
The Declining Importance of the Conventions.
The General Election Campaign
The Campaign Organization.
Money and the Road to the White House
Campaign Finance Rules.
Where Does the Money Come From?
Campaign and Election Reform
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Notes
Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
The Census, Reapportionment, and Gerrymandering
The United States Congress
Origins and Powers of the Congress
The Continental Congress
Congress and the Constitution
Membership and Service in the Congress
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Member Characteristics
Tenure, Incumbency, and Reelection
How Congress Has Organized to Do Its Work
The Role of Political Parties
Party Leaders: Responsibilities and Powers.
House of Representatives.
Senate.
The Development of the Committee System
The Division of Labor.
Fixed Jurisdictions.
Specialization.
Seniority and Influence.
Types of Committees.
Select committees
Joint committees
Committee and Subcommittee Chairs.
The Staff Structure.
The Legislative Process
Introduction and Assignment
Committee and Subcommittee Deliberation
Agenda Setting and the Legislative Calendar
Floor Debate and Amendment
House/Senate Conference Committees
Congressional Decision Making
Constituents
Staff, Colleagues, and Party Leaders
Interest Groups and Lobbyists
The President and the Bureaucracy
Public Disaffection and Congressional Reform
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
The Unitary Executive Theory of Presidential Authority
The President of the United States
Historical Origins of Executive Power
Historical Precedents: Crown Governors
Historical Precedents: State Governors
Executive Power in the Articles
The Constitutional Bases of Presidential Authority
Alternative Conceptions of the Presidency
A Messenger for the Congress.
A Powerful and Independent Executive.
The Electoral College and Presidential Selection.
Executive Authority in the Constitution
The Pardon Power.
The Power to Propose and the Power to Veto.
The “Take Care” Clause.
The Appointment Power.
Treaty Making and Foreign Affairs.
Commander in Chief.
Constitutional Limitations
Congress and the Courts.
The Impeachment Process.
The Growth of Presidential Power
The Early Pattern: Presidential–Congressional Relations
The Jeffersonian Legacy: Congressional Dominance, 1800–1900
The Modern Presidency, 1901–Present
Where Was the Expanded Authority Found?
The Range of Presidential Responsibilities Today
The Domestic Policy Presidency
National Leader.
Chief Executive.
Chief Legislator.
Party Leader.
The Foreign Policy Presidency
Commander in Chief.
Chief Diplomat.
Chief Trade Negotiator.
The Presidential Establishment
The Executive Office of the President
The White House Staff.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
National Security Council (NSC).
The Cabinet
The Apparent Possibility of Cabinet Government.
Divided Loyalties, Mixed Motives.
The Vice President
Presidential Reform Today
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
Is the Federal Reserve (The Fed) Dangerous?
Bureaucracy
What is a Bureaucracy?
The Growth of the American Bureaucracy
The Initial Establishment
Government as Promoter of Economic Activity
Government as Regulator of Economic Activity
Government as Distributor of Wealth and Opportunity
Who Are the Bureaucrats?
The Structure of the National Bureaucracy
Cabinet Departments
Regulatory Commissions and Agencies
Government Corporations, Boards, and Commissions
Policy Implementation and its Pitfalls
The Process of Policy Implementation
Rule Making.
Administrative Adjudication.
Policy Design and the Limits on Implementation
Politics and Program Requirements.
Imprecise and Contradictory Goals.
Fragmentation and Faulty Coordination.
Imprecise Measures of Success.
Proxy Administration.
Bureaucratic Autonomy and Accountability
Sources of Bureaucratic Autonomy
Controlling the Bureaucracy
Executive Control.
Congressional Control.
Judicial Control.
Citizen Participation and Oversight.
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Notes
Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
Does the Constitution Envision Judicial Review?
The Federal Courts
The Common Law Origins of the American Legal System
The Criminal Law and the Civil Law
Cases and the Law
The Birth of the American Legal System
The Judiciary Act of 1789 and the Early Courts
The Marshall Court, 1801–1835
Judicial Review
Judicial Review of Congressional Legislation.
Judicial Review of Executive Action.
Judicial Review of Lower Court Action.
Judicial Review of State Legislation.
The Supreme Court and the Evolution of Individual Rights
The Taney Court and States’ Rights
Laissez-Faire and Property Rights
Nine Old Men and the Switch in Time
The Expansion of Individual Rights and Liberties
Modern Judicial Conservatism Ascendant
The Structure of the Federal Judicial System
The Lower Federal Courts
District Courts.
Special Courts.
Courts of Appeals
The U.S. Supreme Court
Judicial Nomination and Appointment
Backgrounds of Members of the Federal Judiciary
The Nomination Process
The Confirmation Process
The Disputed Role of the Federal Judiciary
Limits on Judicial Activism
Presidential Influence.
Legislative Reaction and Court Curbing.
Popular Sentiment.
Judicial Reform Today
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
The Second Amendment and Gun Rights in America
Civil Liberties, Civil Rights, and Majority Rule
Civil Liberties and the Bill of Rights
The Origins of the Bill of Rights
Freedom of Expression: Speech and the Press
Freedom of Speech.
Unprotected Speech: The Obscenity and Cross Burning Examples.
Freedom of the Press.
No Prior Restraint versus Freedom to Publish.
Restrictions on Press Freedom: National Security and Fair Trial.
Freedom of Religion
The Establishment Clause.
The Free Exercise Clause.
Prayer in the Schools.
Searches, Seizures, and the Exclusionary Rule.
Right to Counsel.
Self-Incrimination.
Improved Information Sharing
Enhanced Surveillance Authority
Following the Money
Cruel and Unusual Punishment.
The Rights of Criminal Defendants
Civil Liberties, Prisons, and the Death Penalty
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
Sexual Privacy, the Ninth Amendment, and Unenumerated Rights
What Are Social Movements?
Social Movements in American Politics
Civil Rights and the Civil War Amendments
The Civil War Amendments
The Thirteenth Amendment: Freedom.
The Fourteenth Amendment: Equality.
The Fifteenth Amendment: Voting.
Early Supreme Court Interpretations.
Legal Segregation: Plessy v. Ferguson.
The Modern Civil Rights Movement
Desegregation: The Coming of Brown v. Board of Education.
The Civil Rights Acts: 1964, 1965, and 1968.
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Affirmative Action
Confronting Direct Discrimination.
The Demand for Affirmative Action.
Claims of Reverse Discrimination.
Affirmative Action in the Workplace
Affirmative Action in Schools
The Women’s Rights Movement
Organization and Protest.
Equal Rights and Personal Control.
Counter-mobilization, Conflict, and Stalemate.
Women in Schools and Colleges.
Women in the Workplace.
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
Can Congress Mandate that all Americans Buy Health Insurance?
Government and the Economy
History of Economic Management
Building the Economic Infrastructure
The Rise of Economic Regulation
The Growth of the Welfare State and Macroeconomic Regulation
Perspectives on Modern Economic Management
Traditional Conservatism
Keynesianism
Supply-Side Economics
Monetarism
The Rhetorical Economy
Institutions of Economic Policymaking
Treasury Department
Federal Reserve Board
Office of Management and Budget
Council of Economic Advisers
National Economic Council
Fiscal Decision Making: Budgets, Taxes, and Spending
Budget Preparation
Taxing
Spending
Domestic Social Programs and their Challenges
Social Security
Medicare and Medicaid24
The Federal Role in Education
The Dilemma of Deficits and Debt
The Consequences of Economic Policymaking
Growth
Fairness
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
Can the Commander in Chief Order Torture?
America in the World
The United States in the Old World Order
Early Experiences and Precedents
Independence and Its Dangers.
Monroe Doctrine.
Manifest Destiny.
The Open Door Policy.
World War II and World Power Status
“Containment” of the Soviet Menace.
Cold War Security: NATO, the Warsaw Pact, and Deterrence.
United Nations: International Order versus Terrorism.
IMF, World Bank, and GATT.
The United States in the New World Order
The Global Economy
Post–World War II Economic Dominance.
The Growth of a Multipolar World Economy.
Global Competition and U.S. Competitiveness.
The Role of U.S. Military Power: Hegemony or Empire
The Scope of U.S. Military Power
Military Hegemony and the Bush Doctrine
America’s Global Stance under Barack Obama
Donald Trump’s National Security Strategy
The Burden of the Old Order on the New
Energy
World Population
What Should America be in the World?
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Notes
Glossary of Key Terms
Glossary of Cases
Appendix A The Declaration of Independence
Appendix B The articles of the Confederation
Appendix C Constitution of the United States
Appendix D Federalist Number 10
Appendix E Partisan Control of the Presidency, Congress, and the Supreme Court
Index