American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, and Future

✍ Scribed by Glenn P Hastedt

• Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 440
• Edition: 12
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
1 Defining American Foreign Policy Problems
Dateline: ISIS
Thinking about Foreign Policy Problems
Choices
What Do Americans Want in Foreign Policy?
The National Interest
Costs
Building Consensus
Selecting a Policy Instrument
Hard Power and Soft Power
Unilateral or Multilateral Action
Presidential Foreign Policy Doctrines
The Truman Doctrine
The Nixon Doctrine
The Carter Doctrine
The Reagan Doctrine
The Bush Doctrine
In Search of the Trump Doctrine
Assessing Foreign Policy Results
Intellectual Coherence
The Dominance of Domestic Politics
Consistency of Application
Over the Horizon: The Future of Grand Strategy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
2 The Global Context
Dateline: The South China Sea
Thinking about the World
Realism
Neoliberalism
Constructivism
International System: Structural Constants
Decentralization
Self-Help System
A Stratified System
International System: Evolutionary Trends
Diffusion of Power
Issue Proliferation
Actor Proliferation
Regional Diversity
Dominant Features Today
Terrorism
Globalization
American Hegemony
America and the World: Attitudes and Perceptions
Over the Horizon: 2035
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
3 The American National Style
Dateline: The Mexican Border
The Importance of Ideas
Isolationism versus Internationalism
Historical Sources of the American National Style
Patterns
Unilateralism
Moral Pragmatism
Legalism
Consequences of the American National Style
Voices from the Past
Over the Horizon: A Millennial Foreign Policy?
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
4 Learning from the Past
Dateline: Venezuela
How Do Policy Makers Learn from the Past?
Events from Which Policy Makers Learn
Types of Calculations Made
Lessons Learned
Case Studies
The Vietnam War
The Iraq War
Over the Horizon: The Challenge to R2P
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
5 Society
Dateline: NSA Electronic Surveillance
Public Awareness of Foreign Policy Issues
Public Opinion
Trends and Content
Public Opinion and the Use of Force
Impact of Public Opinion
Elections
Voting and Foreign Policy
Impact of Elections
Interest Groups
Types of Interest Groups
Impact of Interest Groups
Political Protest
The Media and American Foreign Policy
Newspapers and Television
The New Media and American Foreign Policy
Shaping the Public’s View
States and Cities: The New Foreign Policy Battleground
Policy Makers’ Responses
Over the Horizon: An Intelligence-Industrial Complex?
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
6 Congress
Dateline: Yemen Resolution
Constitutional Powers
Treaty-Making Power
Appointment Powers
War Powers
Commerce Powers
Congressional Structure and Foreign Policy
Blunt Foreign Policy Tools
The Absence of a Single Voice
Policy Entrepreneurship
Staff Aides
Influence of Party and Region
Outsourcing Foreign Policy
Congress and the President: The Changing Relationship
Over the Horizon: A New War Powers Act?
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
7 Presidency
Dateline: Trump’s First 100 Days
Weak President or Strong President
The President and the Foreign Affairs Constitution
Executive Agreements
Signing Statements
Executive Orders, Spending, and Administrative Powers
Informal Ambassadors
Undeclared Wars
When Does the President Matter?
Presidential Personality
Presidential Managerial Style
The National Security Council
Other White House Voices
The Vice President
The U.S. Trade Representative
The White House Chief of Staff
The First Lady
Over the Horizon: Improving Presidential Transitions
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
8 Bureaucracy
Dateline: Fixing the State Department
Presidents and the Bureaucracy
The State Department
Structure and Growth of the State Department
The State Department’s Value System
Impact of the State Department on Foreign Policy
The Department of Defense
Structure and Growth of the Department of Defense
The Value System of the Department of Defense
Professional Military
Impact of the Defense Department on Foreign Policy
The CIA and the Intelligence Community
Structure and Growth of the CIA and the Intelligence Community
The Intelligence Community’s Value System
Impact of the CIA and the Intelligence Community on Foreign Policy
The Domestic Bureaucracies
Treasury, Commerce, and Agriculture
Homeland Security
Policy Makers’ Response to Bureaucracy
Over the Horizon: U.S. Space Command
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
9 Policy-Making Models
Dateline: Iran Crises
Foreign Policy Decisions and Models
The Rational Actor Model
The Bureaucratic Politics Model
The Small-Group Decision-Making Model
Elite Theory and Pluralism
Integrating Models
The Cuban Missile Crisis
The Crisis: An Overview
Applying the Rational Actor Model to the Crisis
Applying the Bureaucratic Politics Model to the Crisis
Applying the Small-Group Decision-Making Model to the Crisis
Models: A Critique
Over the Horizon: Individual-Centered Models
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
10 Diplomacy
Dateline: Paris Agreement
Diplomacy: Choices and Dilemmas
The Diplomatic Tool Kit
Bilateralism versus Multilateralism
Process versus Product
Incentives versus Sanctions
Trump’s Approach to Diplomacy
Allies, Friends, Adversaries
Shuttle Diplomacy
Summit Diplomacy
East-West Superpower Summits
Economic Summits
The Trump-Putin Summit
Conference Diplomacy
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO)
Environmental Conferences
Human Rights Conferences
UN Diplomacy
Public Diplomacy and Digital Diplomacy
The Political Use of Force
Coercive Diplomacy
Nuclear Diplomacy
Arms Transfers
Over the Horizon: A Climate Coalition of the Willing
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
11 Economic Instruments
Dateline: New NAFTA
Economic Statecraft
Inventory of Options
Strategic Outlooks
Free Trade
Strategic Trade
Monetary Strategies
Trump’s Trade Strategy
Varieties of Trade Agreements
Bilateral Trade Agreements
Regional Trade Agreements
Global Trade Agreements
Economic Sanctions
Using Sanctions
Sanctions in Action: Iran, Cuba, Russia
The China Trade War
Foreign Aid
Types of Foreign Aid
Cold War Foreign Aid
Post–Cold War Foreign Aid
Post–9/11 Foreign Aid
Contemporary Foreign Aid
Over the Horizon: How Trade Wars End
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
12 Military Instruments: Big Wars
Dateline: North Korean Denuclearization
Cold War Nuclear Thinking
The U.S. Cold War Strategic Arsenal
U.S. Cold War Nuclear Strategy
Post–Cold War Nuclear Thinking
The U.S. Post-Cold War Strategic Nuclear Arsenal
U.S. Post-Cold War Nuclear Strategy: Content
Bridging the Nuclear-Conventional Divide
Deterrence
Preemption
Using Large-Scale Conventional Military Force
Reducing the Danger of War: Arms Control and Disarmament
The Cold War Record
The Post–Cold War Record
Defense
The Strategic Defense Initiative
National Missile Defense Systems
Over the Horizon: The Fate of New START
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
13 Military Instruments: Small Wars
Dateline: Cyber Warfare
Pivoting Out of Small Wars: Afghanistan
Separating Big Wars from Small Wars
Types of Small Wars
Hybrid Warfare
Counterinsurgency
Counterterrorism
Small Wars by Other Means
Cold War Covert Action
Post–Cold War Covert Action
The Covert War against Osama bin Laden
Cyber Warfare
Small Wars for Peace
Humanitarian/Peacekeeping Operations
Stability Operations
Conventional, Cyber, and WMD Arms Control
Chemical and Biological Weapons
Recovering Loose WMD Material
Cyberspace
Conventional Weapons
Counterproliferation
Over the Horizon: Drone Wars
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
14 Alternative Futures
Dateline: Africa
Foreign Policy Visions
The United States as an Ordinary State
Reformed America
Pragmatic America
American Crusader
America the Balancer
Disengaged America
Over the Horizon: The U.S.–China Relationship
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Further Reading
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index