American Foreign Policy and Process

✍ Scribed by James M. McCormick

• Publisher: Cengage Learning
• Year: 2009
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 696
• Edition: 5
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This comprehensive text examines the way foreign policy has changed from its earliest years through the post-9/11 years and beyond. It also looks at the ways values and beliefs about foreign policy have changed over the course of U.S. history and demonstrates how the values and beliefs of a variety of domestic factors affect the foreign policy decision-making process.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 16
I: VALUES AND POLICIES IN AMERICAN FOREIGN AFFAIRS......Page 20
1 AMERICA'S TRADITIONS IN FOREIGN POLICY......Page 24
Values, Beliefs, and Foreign Policy......Page 25
The United States: A New Democratic State......Page 28
The Role of Isolationism in American Foreign Policy......Page 31
The Role of Moral Principle in American Foreign Policy......Page 40
Concluding Comments......Page 47
Notes......Page 48
2 AMERICA'S GLOBAL INVOLVEMENT AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE COLD WAR......Page 54
The Postwar World and American Involvement......Page 55
America's Globalism: The Truman Doctrine and Beyond......Page 64
Elements of Containment: Regional Security Pacts......Page 66
Elements of Containment: Economic and Military Assistance......Page 70
Elements of Containment: The Domestic Cold War......Page 73
Korea: The First Major Test of Containment......Page 76
Concluding Comments......Page 81
Notes......Page 82
3 THE COLD WAR CONSENSUS......Page 88
Key Components of the Cold War Consensus......Page 89
The Public and the Cold War Consensus......Page 94
Patterns of Interaction During the Cold War, 1946–1972......Page 96
Challenges to the Cold War Consensus......Page 99
Vietnam......Page 109
Concluding Comments......Page 115
Notes......Page 116
4 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER VIETNAM: FROM REALISM TO IDEALISM AND BACK AGAIN......Page 120
Realism and Idealism as Foreign Policy Concepts......Page 121
Realism and the Nixon Administration......Page 122
The Nixon–Kissinger Worldview in Operation......Page 126
Idealism and the Carter Administration......Page 131
The Carter Worldview in Operation......Page 134
Realism in the Last Year: A Response to Critics......Page 143
Realism and the Reagan Administration......Page 146
The Reagan Worldview in Operation......Page 149
Challenges to the Reagan Foreign Policy Approach......Page 154
Policy Change: Accommodation with the Soviet Union......Page 155
Policy Continuity: The Reagan Doctrine and the Third World......Page 158
Policy Changes toward the Third World: The Philippines, The PLO, and South Africa......Page 161
Concluding Comments......Page 162
Notes......Page 163
5 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR: THE BUSH AND CLINTON ADMINISTRATIONS......Page 172
The Values and Beliefs of the Bush Administration......Page 174
Bush's Foreign Policy Approach......Page 176
Political Change and Eastern Europe......Page 179
After the Cold War: Bush's Policy toward Central Europe......Page 182
After the Cold War: Bush's Policy toward the Soviet Union......Page 183
The Search for a New World Order?......Page 186
Challenges and Responses to the New World Order......Page 194
The Values and Beliefs of the Clinton Administration......Page 195
The Clinton Administration's Evolving Approach to Foreign Policy......Page 198
The Lingering Legacies of Clinton's Foreign Policy......Page 207
Concluding Comments......Page 211
Notes......Page 213
6 AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AFTER SEPTEMBER 11: THE GEORGE W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION......Page 220
Foreign Policy Legacies after the Cold War......Page 221
The Values and Beliefs of the Bush Administration: Prior to September 11......Page 222
Bush's Foreign Policy Team......Page 223
The Initial Foreign Policy Approach: Classical Realism......Page 225
The Impact of September 11......Page 226
The Values and Beliefs of the Bush Administration: After September 11......Page 231
Formalizing the Bush Doctrine: The National Security Strategy Statement......Page 235
Policy Implications of the Bush Doctrine: Iraq and Other Rogue States......Page 238
Policy Implications of the Bush Doctrine: Russia and China......Page 243
Policy Implications of the Bush Doctrine: America's Allies......Page 245
After Reelection: A New Foreign Policy Approach?......Page 247
The Iraq War and Opposition to the Bush Foreign Policy......Page 250
Concluding Comments......Page 256
Notes......Page 259
II: THE PROCESS OF POLICY MAKING......Page 266
7 THE PRESIDENT AND THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY......Page 270
Constitutional Powers in Foreign Policy......Page 272
A Cyclical Interpretation of Foreign Policy Dominance......Page 275
Executive Dominance after World War II: The Imperial Presidency......Page 277
Concluding Comments......Page 315
Notes......Page 316
8 CONGRESSIONAL PREROGATIVES AND THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY......Page 326
Commitment Making......Page 327
War Powers......Page 331
Controlling the Purse Strings......Page 345
Congressional Oversight......Page 351
Mechanisms of Congressional Influence......Page 360
Congressional Change and Future Foreign Policy Making......Page 363
Concluding Comments......Page 368
Notes......Page 369
9 THE DIPLOMATIC AND ECONOMIC BUREAUCRACIES: DUPLICATION OR SPECIALIZATION?......Page 378
Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy Making......Page 379
The Department of State......Page 381
The National Security Council......Page 396
Why Two Departments of State?......Page 403
Bureaucracies and Foreign Economic Policy Making......Page 405
Concluding Comments......Page 419
Notes......Page 420
10 THE MILITARY AND INTELLIGENCE BUREAUCRACIES: PERVASIVE OR ACCOUNTABLE?......Page 430
The Department of Defense......Page 431
The Intelligence Agencies......Page 444
CIA "Special Activities" and Policy Influence......Page 460
Accountability and Covert Actions......Page 462
Changes in Accountability from the Iran-Contra Affair to Today......Page 468
Department of Homeland Security......Page 472
Policy Coordination among Competing Bureaucracies......Page 476
Concluding Comments......Page 482
Notes......Page 483
11 POLITICAL PARTIES, BIPARTISANSHIP, AND INTEREST GROUPS......Page 492
Political Parties and the Bipartisan Tradition......Page 493
The Limits of Bipartisanship through the Vietnam Era......Page 496
Bipartisanship and Congressional Foreign Policy Voting......Page 499
Partisan Divisions: From the Cold War to the Iraq War......Page 502
Partisan Politics and the Future......Page 507
Interest Groups and the Foreign Policy Process......Page 509
The Impact of Interest Groups......Page 521
Concluding Comments......Page 541
Notes......Page 542
12 THE MEDIA, PUBLIC OPINION, AND THE FOREIGN POLICY PROCESS......Page 554
The Pervasiveness of the Media......Page 555
The Role of the Media in the Foreign Policy Process......Page 558
The Media's Impact on the Public......Page 570
Foreign Policy Opinion: Uninformed and Moodish......Page 571
Foreign Policy Opinion: Structured and Stable......Page 582
An Alternative View of the Public Mood......Page 587
The Impact of Public Opinion on Foreign Policy......Page 596
Notes......Page 604
III: CONCLUSION......Page 616
13 AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY VALUES AND THE FUTURE......Page 618
A Nation Divided......Page 619
Value Differences within Elites......Page 620
Value Differences between Elites and Masses......Page 622
A New Foreign Policy Consensus?......Page 625
Concluding Comments......Page 639
Notes......Page 640
A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 646
NAME INDEX......Page 676
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 682