Airborne Circularly Polarized SAR: Theory, System Design, Hardware Implementation, and Applications (SAR Remote Sensing)

✍ Scribed by Yuta Izumi, Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo, Cahya Edi Santosa, Ming Yam Chua

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 315
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

A comprehensive resource on airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, Airborne Circulatory Polarized SAR explains the theory, system design, hardware and software, and applications of airborne circularly polarized SAR in environmental monitoring and other uses. Readers learn how to build the hardware and software of circularly polarized SAR, the antenna system, and how to generate point target responses and images using the range doppler algorithm (RDA) from raw signal data. The book discusses applications and analyzing techniques using a circularly polarized SAR system and image processing. Images and MATLAB codes are provided to help professionals and researchers with their applications and future studies.

Features

1. Provides the theory of circularly polarized wave and polarimetry related to system design, scattering analysis, polarimetric SAR, and applications in microwave remote sensing.

2. Explains the real radio frequency (RF) system and the original antenna, including circuit explanation and know-how of measurement technique to adjust to the required parameter in system design.

3. Discusses the technique of ground test and flight mission to calibrate and validate the performance of airborne circularly polarized SAR.

4. Highlights image signal processing with MATLAB codes and how to obtain a single look complex (SLC) image for further applications.

5. Includes several applications of airborne circularly polarized SAR from international leading experts.

This book is beneficial to professionals, researchers, academics, and graduate students from disciplines such as Electronic Engineering; Radar Systems; Aerospace Engineering; Signal Processing; Image Processing; Environmental Remote Sensing.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
1 Introduction of Synthetic Aperture Radar
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Synthetic Aperture Radar
1.3 Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar
1.4 Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar
1.5 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Onboard Synthetic Aperture Radar
1.6 Focus Discussions in this Book
References
2 Basics of SAR Polarimetry
2.1 Polarization State Representation
2.1.1 Maxwell Equation
2.1.2 Wave Equation and Propagation
2.1.3 Polarization Ellipse
2.1.4 Jones Vector
2.1.5 Vector Transformation
2.1.6 Stokes Vector
2.1.7 Axial Ratio
2.2 EM Reflection, Transmission, and Scattering in Circular Polarization
2.3 Matrix Representation of the Scattering Process
2.3.1 Scattering Matrix in Linear Polarization Basis
2.3.2 Scattering Matrix in Circular Polarization Basis
2.3.3 Second-Order Polarimetric Matrices in Linear Polarization Basis
2.3.4 Second-Order Polarimetric Matrices in Circular Polarization Basis
2.4 Polarimetric SAR Target Decomposition Theorem
2.4.1 Introduction of Polarimetric SAR Target Decomposition
2.4.2 Target Decomposition for Fully Polarimetric Systems
2.4.3 Eigenvector-Based Decomposition for Dual Polarimetric Systems
2.5 Compact Polarimetric SAR
2.5.1 Basic Concept of Compact Polarimetry
2.5.2 Compact Polarimetry Data Analysis
2.5.3 Target Decomposition Theorem for Compact Mode
2.5.4 Eigenvector-Based Decomposition for Compact Modes
2.6 Summary
References
3 System Design
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mission
3.3 Parameter Design
3.3.1 Objective and Specification of SAR
3.3.2 The Geometry of the Platform and SAR
3.3.3 Resolution
3.3.4 Signal-To-Noise Ratio
3.3.5 Sampling Time Interval
3.3.6 PRF and Duty Cycle
3.3.7 Bandwidth
3.3.8 Transmit Power
3.3.9 Time-Bandwidth Product
3.3.10 Doppler Bandwidth
3.3.11 Synthetic Aperture
3.3.12 Memory Estimation
3.3.12.1 Real Signal
3.3.12.2 Complex Signal
3.4 Summary
References
4 RF System
4.1 Introduction
4.2 System Block Diagram
4.3 Radio Frequency Unit
4.3.1 SAR Transmitter
4.3.1.1 The Upconverter Circuit
4.3.1.2 Gating and Amplification Circuit
4.3.1.3 DC Biasing Circuit
4.3.1.4 Embedded Controller
4.3.2 SAR Receiver
4.3.2.1 Gating and Amplification Circuit
4.3.2.2 Downconverter Circuit
4.3.2.3 DC Biasing Circuit
4.3.3 Local Oscillator Unit
References
5 Baseband and Control Unit
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chirp Generator
5.2.1 The Chirp Signal
5.2.2 Chirp Waveform Synthesis
5.2.2.1 Settling Time
5.2.2.2 Glitch Impulse Area
5.2.2.3 Signal-To-Noise Ratio (SNR)
5.2.2.4 Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR)
5.3 Data Acquisition Unit (DAU)
5.4 Timing and Control Unit (TCU)
5.5 Inertial Navigation System
5.6 Power Unit
References
6 Circularly Polarized Antenna
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Antenna Parameters
6.2.1 Return-Loss and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
6.2.2 Radiation Pattern
6.2.3 Directivity
6.2.4 Gain and Efficiency
6.2.5 Polarization
6.3 The SAR Antenna Requirements
6.3.1 Antenna’s Aperture and Beamwidth
6.3.2 Antenna’s Gain
6.3.3 Antenna’s Bandwidth
6.4 Circularly Polarized Antenna Design
6.4.1 Hinotori C2 Airborne Circularly Polarized SAR
6.4.2 Microstrip Array Antenna
6.4.3 Unit Element of the Circularly Polarized Antenna
6.4.4 Broadening Circularly Polarized Antennas Bandwidth
6.4.5 The 2 × 2 Subarray Arrangement
6.4.5.1 Element Separation
6.4.5.2 The Serial Sequential Rotation Configuration
6.4.5.3 Impedance Matching of the Feeding Network
6.4.5.4 Subarray Evaluation
6.4.6 Large Array Expansion
6.4.6.1 The 4 × 4 Subarray
6.4.6.2 The 8 × 8 Subarray
6.4.6.3 The 16 × 8 Subarray
6.4.7 The Prototype Antenna
6.4.8 Performance of the Hinotori C2 Antenna
References
7 Ground Test, Airborne Installation, and Flight Mission
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Hinotori-C SAR Subsystems Test
7.2.1 Clock
7.2.2 RF Transmitter
7.2.2.1 Output Power Measurement
7.2.2.2 Bandwidth Measurement
7.2.3 RF Receiver
7.2.3.1 1dB Compression Point
7.2.3.2 Receiver Dynamic Range and Bandwidth
7.2.3.3 Noise Floor Measurement
7.2.4 Chirp Generator and Timing and Control Unit
7.2.5 Data Acquisition System
7.3 System Integration and Full System Test
7.3.1 Full System Loopback Test
7.3.2 Ground Test
7.3.2.1 SAR System (With Antenna) Noise Floor Measurement
7.3.2.2 Static SAR Distributed Target Test
7.3.2.3 SAR Point Target Ground Imaging Experiment
7.4 The Hinotori-C2 Flight Test
7.4.1 SAR System Installation
7.4.1.1 Pre-Flight Tests
7.4.1.2 Maiden Flight of Hinotori-C
References
8 SAR Image Formation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Matched Filter in Pulse Compression
8.3 SAR Point Target Analysis
8.4 SAR Point Target Model
8.5 Range-Doppler Algorithm (RDA)
8.5.1 Range Compression
8.5.2 Range Cell Migration Correction
8.5.3 Azimuth Compression
8.6 The Hinotori-C SAR Processor
8.6.1 Generating Point Target Simulation Raw Data
8.6.2 Processing Point Target Simulation Raw Data Using RDA
8.6.2.1 Data Extraction
8.6.2.2 Range Compression
8.6.2.3 Range Cell Migration Correction
8.6.2.4 Azimuth Compression
8.6.3 Processing Hinotori-C2 Mission Data
8.6.3.1 Data Preparation
8.6.3.2 RDA Processing
8.6.3.3 Multilooking
References
9 Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Indoor Circularly Polarized SAR Scattering Experiment
9.2.1 Imaging Geometry and System Description
9.2.2 Scattering Experiment On Canonical Targets and Its Results
9.2.3 Scattering Experiment On Aircraft Model (N219)
9.3 Application: Analysis of Polarimetric SAR Modes for Rice Phenology Monitoring
9.3.1 Experimental Scheme
9.3.2 Phenology Description of Cultivated Rice
9.3.3 Data Analysis Methodology
9.3.4 Rice Monitoring Results and Discussion
9.3.4.1 Backscattering Coefficient
9.3.4.2 H/ Decomposition
9.3.4.3 Four- and Three-Component Decomposition
9.3.5 Conclusion in Rice Phenology Monitoring Study
9.4 Application: Airborne Circularly Polarized SAR Image Analysis
9.5 Summary
References
10 Summary
10.1 Summary
10.2 Future Research
References
Index