Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Author
1. Air Pollution Control
1.1. It Is Separation Technology
1.2. Wet Collection of Particulate
1.3. Dry Collection
1.4. Gas Absorption
1.4.1. Concept of Number of Transfer Units in Absorption
1.4.2. The Transfer Unit Concept in Gas Absorption
1.5. Hybrid Systems
2. Absorption Devices
2.1. Device Type
2.2. Typical Applications and Uses
2.3. Operating Principles
2.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
2.5. Design Basics
2.6. Operating Suggestions
3. Bioreactors
3.1. Device Types
3.1.1. Bioremediation
3.2. Typical Applications and Uses
3.3. Operating Principles
3.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
3.5. Design Basics
3.6. Operating Suggestions
3.6.1. Biotrickling Filter Technology
3.6.2. Aerobic Digester Technology
3.6.3. Bioscrubber Technology
4. Dry Cyclone Collectors
4.1. Device Type
4.2. Typical Applications and Uses
4.3. Operating Principles
4.5. Design Basics
4.6. Operating/Application Suggestions
5. Electrostatic Precipitators
5.1. Device Type
5.2. Typical Applications and Uses
5.3. Operating Principles
5.4. Primary Mechanism Used
5.5. Creation of Charge
5.5.1. Field Charging
5.5.2. Diffusion Charging
5.6. Design Basics
5.7. Resistivity of Dust
5.8. Operating Suggestions
5.8.1. Air Load/Gas Load Testing
5.8.2. Alignment
5.8.3. Thermal Expansion
5.8.4. Air In-Leakage
5.8.5. Rapping
5.8.6. Insulator Cleaning
5.8.7. Purge Heater and Ring Heater Systems
5.8.8. Process Temperature
5.8.9. Fuel Changes
6. Evaporative Coolers
6.1. Device Type
6.2. Typical Applications and Uses
6.3. Primary Mechanisms Used
6.4. Design Basics
6.4.1. Types of Gas Cooling
6.4.2. Gas Conditioning
6.4.3. Basic Sizing
6.4.4. All-Important Atomization
6.4.5. Case History Example
6.4.6. Cost Considerations
6.5. Operating Suggestions
7. Fabric Filter Collectors
7.1. Device Type
7.2. Typical Applications and Uses
7.3. Operating Principles
7.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
7.5. Design Basics
7.6. Operating Suggestions
8. Fiberbed Filters
8.1. Device Type
8.2. Typical Applications and Uses
8.2.1. Acid Mist
8.2.2. Asphalt Processing
8.2.3. Plasticizer/Vinyl/PVC Processing
8.2.4. Coating/Laminations
8.2.5. Electronics
8.2.6. Textile Processing
8.2.7. Metal Working
8.2.8. Lube Oil Vents and Reservoirs
8.2.9. Incinerator Emissions
8.2.10. Internal Combustion Engine Crankcase Vents
8.2.11. Precious Metal Recovery
8.2.12. Vacuum Pumps
8.3. Operating Principles
8.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
8.5. Design Basics
8.6. Operating/Application Suggestions
8.6.1. Filter Cleaning
8.6.2. Fiberbed Filter Life
8.6.3. Fire Protection If the Contaminant Is Combustible
9. Filament (Mesh Pad) Scrubbers
9.1. Device Type
9.2. Typical Applications
9.3. Operating Principles
9.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
9.5. Design Basics
9.6. Operating Suggestions
10. Fluidized Bed Scrubbers
10.1. Device Type
10.2. Typical Applications and Uses
10.3. Operating Principles
10.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
10.5. Design Basics
10.6. Operating Suggestions
11. Mechanically Aided Scrubbers
11.1. Device Type
11.2. Typical Applications and Uses
11.3. Operating Principles
11.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
11.5. Design Basics
11.6. Operating Suggestions
12. Packed Towers
12.1. Device Type
12.2. Typical Applications and Uses
12.3. Operating Principles
12.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
12.5. Design Basics
12.5.1. Counterflow
12.5.2. Crossflow
12.6. Operating Suggestions
13. Settling Chambers
13.1. Device Type
13.2. Typical Applications and Uses
13.3. Operating Principles
13.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
13.5. Design Basics
13.6. Operating/Application Suggestions
14. Spray Towers/Scrubbers
14.1. Device Type
14.2. Typical Applications and Uses
14.3. Operating Principles
14.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
14.5. Design Basics
14.6. Operating Suggestions
15. Thermal Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Control
15.1. Device Type
15.2. Typical Applications and Uses: Combustion Sources
15.3. Operating Principles
15.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
15.5. Design Basics
15.5.1. Different Forms of NOx
15.5.2. NOx Measurement Units
15.5.3. Thermal NOx
15.5.4. Fuel-Bound NOx
15.6. Thermal-NOx Control Strategies
15.7. Dilution Strategies
15.8. Staging Strategies
15.9. Post-combustion Strategies
15.10. Operating/Applications Suggestions
16. Thermal Oxidizers
16.1. Device Type
16.2. Typical Applications
16.3. Operating Principles
16.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
16.5. Design Basics
16.6. Operating Suggestions
17. Tray Scrubbers
17.1. Device Type
17.2. Typical Applications and Uses
17.3. Operating Principles
17.4. Primary Mechanism Used
17.5. Design Basics
17.6. Operating Suggestions
18. Vane Type Scrubbers
18.1. Device Type
18.2. Typical Applications
18.3. Operating Principle
18.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
18.5. Design Basics
18.6. Operating Suggestions
19. Venturi Scrubbers
19.1. Device Type
19.2. Typical Applications
19.3. Operating Principles
19.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
19.5. Design Basics
19.6. Operating/Application Suggestions
20. Wet Electrostatic Precipitators
20.1. Device Type
20.2. Typical Applications and Uses
20.3. Primary Mechanisms Used
20.4. Design Basics
20.5. Types of Wet Precipitators
20.5.1. Configuration
20.5.2. Arrangement
20.5.3. Irrigation Method
20.6. Selecting a Wet Electrostatic Precipitator
20.7. Operating Suggestions
21. Special Applications: Venturi Scrubbers as Evaporators
21.1. Device Type
21.2. Typical Applications
21.3. Operating Principles
21.4. Primary Mechanism Used
21.5. Design Basics
21.6. Operating Suggestions
22. Energy Recovery
22.1. Device Type
22.2. Typical Applications and Uses
22.3. Operating Principles
22.4. Primary Mechanism Used
22.5. Design Basics
22.6. Operating Suggestions
23. Multitechnique Equipment for Gasification (Syngas)
23.1. Device Type(s)
23.2. Typical Applications and Uses
23.2.1. Starved-Air Gasification
23.2.2. Plasma Destruction
23.2.3. Reformer Gasification
23.3. Operating Principles
23.4. Primary Mechanisms Used
23.5. Design Basics
23.6. Operating Suggestions
24. System Diagnostics and Testing
24.1. Tools
24.2. Isolate and Correct the Problem
24.2.1. Define the Problem
24.2.2. Inspect the Scrubber and/or System
24.2.3. Baseline the System
24.2.4. Search for Detailed Solution to the Problem
24.2.4.1. Gas Cleaning Device
24.2.4.2. Liquid Circuit Problems
24.2.4.3. Instrumentation Issues
24.2.4.4. Gas Moving Device
24.2.4.5. Gas Discharge Device
24.2.5. Fix the Problem
25. Optimization of Gas Cleaning Equipment, Overview
25.1. Defining the Problem
25.2. Post Installation Optimization by Equipment Type
26. Dry Cyclone Optimization
26.1. The Dry Cyclone
26.2. Dry Clone Performance Optimization
26.3. Importance of Uniform Gas Flow
26.4. Minimizing Particle Size Reduction
26.5. Importance of Vertical Orientation
26.6. Smooth Interior Surfaces
26.7. Maintain Control of Dust Level
26.8. Trim Gaskets
26.9. Minimize Dust Discharge Device Leaks
26.10. Control Static Electricity if Present
26.11. Adjust for Particle Size Differences
26.12. Potential Operating Problems Summary
26.13. Optimization Techniques
26.15. Inspect the Hopper If Used
26.16. Use Dust to Augment Sealing
26.17. Check Integrity of All Gaskets
26.18. Double Check the Dust Discharge Device If Fitted
26.19. No Dents!
27. Absorber Optimization
27.2. Minimize Potential Problems
27.2.1. Unless the Gas Is Absorbed and Reacted, Minimize Recycle
27.2.2. Dont Waste the Make Up Water
27.2.3. Control Temperatures
27.2.4. Careful pH Control, If Used, Is Critical
27.2.5. Make Chemical, If Used, Pass at Least Once Through
27.2.6. Locate Sensors for Most Rapid Response
27.3. Adjustments to Consider
27.3.1. Use Dilute Chemical Make Up If Possible
27.3.2. If Exotherms Is Present, Add Cold Make Up Water to Header
27.3.3. Premix Additive Chemicals
27.3.4. Choose Effective Probe/Sensor Locations
27.3.5. Seek Uniform Liquid Distribution
27.4. What If the Containment Is Easily Stripped?
27.4.1. Possible Problems Given the Chemical Addition Odor Control Example
27.4.2. Problems If the Absorbed Containment Easily Strips
27.5. Optimizing Odor Control Applications
27.6. Optimizing Applications That Easily Strip
28. Pre-Formed Spray Scrubbers Optimization
28.1. Balancing Absorption and Particulate Removal
28.2. Some Problems to Consider
28.3. Optimization Techniques
29. Precipitator Optimization
29.1. The Requirement of Synergy
29.2. Primary Precipitator Components
29.2.1. Gas Inlet Ductwork
29.2.2. Importance of Particulate Characteristics
29.2.3. Collecting Surface Characteristics
29.2.4. Electrode Type and Characteristics
29.3. Primary Components
29.3.1. Ancillary Components
29.4. The Power Supply
30. Quencher Optimization
30.1. Possible Problems
30.2. Optimization Techniques
31. Spray Tower Optimization
31.1. Possible Problems
31.2. Optimization Techniques
31.3. Vertical Gas Velocity
31.4. Spray Nozzles and Location
31.5. When Chemicals Are Used
31.6. Spray Nozzle Wear
31.7. Back-Mixing Issues
32. Tray Scrubber (Tray Tower) Optimization
32.1. Possible Problems
32.2. Optimization Possibilities
32.2.1. Mounting the Vessel True Vertically
32.2.2. Localized Wear and/or Solids Buildup
32.2.3. Weeping
32.2.4. Sudden Pressure Drop Changes
32.2.5. Sudden Changes in Efficiency
32.2.6. Face Spray
32.2.7. Droplet Eliminator Effects
33. Venturi Scrubber Optimization
33.1. Possible Problems
33.2. Possible Remedies
33.2.1. Preconditioning the Gas Stream
33.2.2. Turndown and Pressure Drop Maintenance
33.2.3. Method of Liquid Introduction
33.2.4. Effects of Wear
33.2.5. Improving Gas Absorption
Appendix A
Appendix B
Afterword
Index