Foreword
Foreword
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: General
1: Introduction to Agro-Biodiversity and Agri-Ecosystem in the Twenty-First Century
1.1 Agro-Biodiversity and Agri-Ecosystem
1.2 NITI Aayog Policy in India
References
Part II: Agro Biodiversity Conservation and Challenges
2: An Assessment of Forest Diversity: Challenges and Management
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Recapitulation of Forest Diversity
2.2.1 Mangrove Habitats
2.2.2 Perils of Wildfire
2.3 Repercussions of Climate Change on Forest Diversity
2.4 Challenges as an Outcome of Forest Degradation
2.5 Conclusion
References
3: Agrobiodiversity, Status, and Conservation Strategies
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Agrobiodiversity Terminology
3.1.2 Status of Biodiversity in India
3.2 Agrobiodiversity Hotspots of India
3.2.1 Cold Desert Region
3.2.2 Western Himalayan Region
3.2.3 Eastern Himalayan Region
3.2.4 Brahmaputra Valley
3.2.5 Khasia-Jaintia- Garo Hill
3.2.6 Northeast Hills
3.2.7 Arid Western Region
3.2.8 Malwa Plateau and Central Highlands
3.2.9 Kathiawar Region
3.2.10 Bundelkhand Region
3.2.11 Upper Gangetic Plains
3.2.12 Lower Gangetic Plain
3.2.13 Gangetic Delta
3.2.14 Chota Nagpur Region
3.2.15 Bastar Region
3.2.16 Koraput Region
3.2.17 Southern Eastern Ghats
3.2.18 Kaveri Region
3.2.19 Deccan Plateau
3.2.20 Konkan Region
3.2.21 Malabar Region
3.2.22 Islands Region
3.3 Agrobiodiversity Loss Trends
3.4 Conservation of Agrobiodiversity in Agriculture
3.5 The Importance of Agrobiodiversity for the Sustainability of Agriculture
3.6 The Backbone of IndiaΒ΄s Conservation Efforts
3.7 Conclusion
References
4: Role of Range Grasses in Conservation and Restoration of Biodiversity
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Phytoremediation
4.2 Carbon Sequestration
4.3 Abiotic Stress
4.4 Soil Conservation
4.4.1 Soil Physical Properties
4.4.2 Soil Chemical Properties
4.4.3 Soil Biological Properties
4.4.4 Major Groups of Soil Organisms
4.5 Nutritional Security for Livestock/Fodder Value
4.6 Medicinal and Aromatic Property of Range Grasses
References
5: Molecular Approaches in Agrobiodiversity Conservation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Agrobiodiversity: Usefulness and Challenges
5.3 Molecular Advances to Maintain Agrobiodiversity
5.3.1 Marker Technology
5.3.1.1 Biochemical Markers
5.3.1.2 Molecular Markers
5.3.2 Additional Markers
5.3.2.1 Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequences
5.3.2.2 Chloroplast Spacer Sequences
5.3.3 DNA Microarray
5.3.4 Plant DNA Bank
5.3.5 RNAi Technology
5.3.6 Molecular Farming
5.4 Conclusion
References
Part III: Agri Ecosystem Services and Climate Resilience
6: Carbon Sequestration Potential in Agricultural Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Soil as a Source and Sink of Carbon
6.2.1 Carbon Cycle
6.2.2 Carbon Sequestration in Soil: A Carbon Trapping Mechanism
6.2.2.1 Physical Mechanism
6.2.2.2 Chemical Mechanism: Formation of Organo-Metallic Complex
6.2.2.3 Biological Mechanism
6.3 Carbon Sequestration under Different Landscapes and Land Uses
6.3.1 Carbon Stock in Soil Ecosystem
6.3.2 Carbon Stock in Forest Ecosystem
6.3.3 Carbon Stock in Peatlands
6.3.4 Carbon Stock under Urban Forestry
6.3.5 Carbon Stock in Wetlands
6.3.6 Carbon Stock in Agricultural Soils
6.4 Agricultural Management Practices Influencing Carbon Sequestration
6.4.1 Impact of Excess Fertilizer Application: An Aftermath of Green Revolution
6.4.2 Influence of Various Tillage Practices
6.4.3 Different Crop Management Practices Influencing Sequestration of Soil Organic Carbon
6.4.3.1 Selection of Crops with Efficient C Metabolism
6.4.3.2 Diversification in Crop Rotation
6.5 Conclusions
6.6 Future Research and Dimensions
References
7: Inter-Connectivity Between Climate Resilience, Climate Change, and Adaptability
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Factors of Climate Change
7.2.1 Human-Induced Activities
7.2.2 Emission of Greenhouse
7.2.3 Industrial Emissions
7.2.4 Unplanned Urbanization
7.2.5 Expansion of Agricultural Areas
7.2.6 Glaciers Melting and Solar Energy
7.3 Climate Change, Resilience, and Adaptability
7.4 Rural Climate Resilience
7.5 Urban Climate Resilience
7.6 Applications of Resilience Framework
7.6.1 Resilience Towards Climate Change
7.6.2 Climate Resilience Pathway
7.6.3 Modern Interpretations of Climate Resilience
7.6.4 Smart Framework
7.7 Conclusion
References
8: Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Stocks Under Different Land Uses in Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, India
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 AABR and the Study Site
8.2.2 Sampling Design and Methods
8.2.3 Statistical Analyses
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.3.1 Land Use Types and STN
8.3.2 Land Use Types and SOC
8.3.3 Land Use Types and STP
8.3.4 Land Use Types and STK
8.3.5 Land Use Types and the EC
8.3.6 Land Use Types and the pH
8.3.7 Land Use Types and Bulk Density
8.3.8 Land Use Types and Soil Structure Content
8.3.9 Correlation Between STN and SOC
8.3.10 Correlation Between Other Parameters for Selected Depths
8.3.11 Dependence of STN, STP, STK, SOC, EC, pH, Bulk Density, Silt, Sand, and Clay on the Land Use Types and Depth
8.3.12 SOC, STN, STP, and STK Concentration of the Soil
8.4 Conclusion
References
9: Vegetation Biomass and Carbon Stock Assessment Under Different Forest Types of Temperate and Alpine Forest Ecosystem of Wes...
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology
9.2.1 Estimation of Biomass
9.2.1.1 Tree Biomass
9.2.1.2 Shrub Biomass
9.2.1.3 Herb Biomass
9.2.1.4 Surface Litter
9.3 Carbon Estimation
9.3.1 Vegetation Carbon Density
9.3.2 Soil Carbon
9.3.3 Ecosystem C Density
9.4 Results and Discussion
9.4.1 Biomass of Vegetation
9.4.2 Soil Carbon Density
9.4.3 Detritus Carbon Density
9.4.4 Ecosystem Carbon Density
9.5 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Advance Approaches for Agrobiodiversity Conservation and Restoration
10: Molecular Approaches in Conservation and Restoration of Agrobiodiversity
10.1 Agrobiodiversity
10.1.1 Present Status
10.1.2 Importance with Respect to Common People
10.1.3 Causes of Depletion of Agrobiodiversity
10.1.4 Remedial Measures
10.2 Conservation of Agrobiodiversity
10.2.1 In Situ Methods
10.2.2 Ex Situ Methods
10.3 Role of Molecular Approaches
10.3.1 Conservation
10.3.2 Management
10.3.3 Restoration
10.4 A Brief Review of the Basic Molecular Techniques
10.4.1 Non-PCR-Based Techniques
10.4.2 Arbitrary (or Semi-Arbitrary) Primed Techniques
10.4.3 Site-Targeted PCR Techniques
10.5 Application of the Biotechnological Innovations
10.5.1 Germplasm Identification and Diversity Assessment
10.5.2 DNA Barcoding and Phylogenetic Studies
10.5.3 QTL Mapping and Marker-Assisted Selection
10.6 Exploiting Natural Variation Through Molecular Approaches
10.6.1 Sequencing and Resequencing Techniques
10.6.2 Pangenome Construction
10.7 Discovery of Genes Underlying Quantitative Traits
10.7.1 Association Mapping (AM)
10.7.2 Genome-Wide Prediction (GWP)
10.8 Genome Manipulation Through Biotechnological Approaches
10.8.1 QTL/Gene Cloning and Genetic Modification
10.8.2 Genome Editing (GE)
10.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
11: Adapting Land Degradation and Enhancing Ethnic Livelihood Security Through Fruit Production: Evidence from Hilly Areas of ...
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methodology
11.2.1 Description of the Study Area
11.2.2 Framework of the Study
11.2.3 Population and Sampling
11.2.4 Assessing Reasons of Fruit Production
11.2.5 Estimation of the Relative Contribution of Fruits to Family Income
11.2.6 Problem Confrontation Index
11.2.7 Data Collection and Statistical Analysis
11.3 Results and Discussions
11.3.1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Respondents
11.3.2 Status of Fruit Cultivation
11.3.2.1 Major Fruits
11.3.2.2 Minor Fruits
11.3.2.3 Locally Produced Underutilized Minor Fruits
11.3.3 Perceived Reasons for Fruit Production
11.3.4 Contribution of Fruit Production to Family Income
11.3.4.1 Annual Family Income
11.3.4.2 Sector-Wise Annual Family Income
11.3.4.3 Contribution of Fruit Production to Family Income
11.3.5 Relationship Between the Selected Characteristics of the Respondents and Their Income from Fruits
11.3.6 Problems Faced by the Respondents in Fruit Production and Marketing
11.3.7 Suggestions to Increase Fruit Production
11.4 Conclusions
References
12: Restoration and Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources via Molecular Techniques: An Important Measure for Sustainable Agr...
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Impact of Agrobiodiversity on Food, Nutrition and Health
12.3 Conservation Strategies and Molecular Methods
12.3.1 Ex Situ Techniques
12.3.1.1 Seed/Embryo Storage
12.3.1.2 Botanical Gardens
12.3.1.3 In Vitro Conservation
12.3.1.4 In Vitro Gene Bank/Germplasm Protection
12.3.1.5 Pollen/DNA Conservation
12.3.2 In Situ Techniques
12.3.2.1 Natural Reserve Conservation
12.3.2.2 Farm-Based Conservation
12.3.3 Biotechnological Conservation Approaches
12.3.3.1 Gene Banks
12.3.3.2 Cryopreservation
12.4 Worldwide Plan of Action, Implementation and Gaps
12.5 Conclusion
References
13: Molecular Approaches in Restoration of Agro-Biodiversity
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Current Scenario of Agro-Biodiversity
13.3 Molecular Approaches for Restoration and Conservation of Agro-Biodiversity
13.3.1 Gene or DNA Banks
13.3.2 Molecular Marker Technology
13.3.3 DNA Microarray
13.3.4 Plant DNA Barcoding
13.3.5 Tissue Culture and In Vitro Conservation
13.3.6 Genomics
13.3.7 Transcriptomics
13.3.8 Proteomics
13.3.9 Metabolomics
13.3.10 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
13.3.11 Genetic Engineering and Genome Editing
13.4 Major Challenges in Conservation and Restoration of Agro-Biodiversity
13.5 Conclusion and Way Forward
References
14: Genomics Approaches for Restoration and Conservation of Agro-Biodiversity
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Status of Agro-Biodiversity in India
14.3 Omics Approaches to Strengthen Agro-Biodiversity
References
Part V: Technological Intervention for Agricultural Development
15: Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production in Transgenic Plants: Green Plastics for Better Future and Environmental Sustainability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 PHA Structure and Biosynthesis
15.3 PHA Production in Transgenic Plants
15.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
16: Applications of Artificial Intelligence for the Development of Sustainable Agriculture
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Types of Artificial Intelligence
16.2.1 Weak or Narrow AI
16.2.2 General AI
16.2.3 Strong AI
16.2.4 Reactive Machine AI
16.2.5 Limited Memory AI
16.2.6 Self-Awareness AI
16.2.7 Theory of Mind AI
16.3 Open Data Repositories for Machine Learning
16.4 Steps for Machine Learning or Life Cycle of AI
16.5 Application of AI in Agriculture
16.5.1 Soil Health Monitoring
16.5.2 Crop Sowing and Monitoring
16.5.3 Predictive Analytics
16.6 Drones
16.7 Robots
16.7.1 Image Recognition
16.8 Weed Management
16.9 Disease Management
16.10 Conclusion
References
17: Information and Advanced Technology Applied at Agriculture and Livestock Development
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Importance of Information and Technology in Agriculture and Livestock Development
17.3 Status of Use of Information and Technology in India
17.4 Use of IT for Livestock Development
17.4.1 Animal Health Management or Disease Controlling IT
17.4.2 Animal Feeding Management
17.4.3 Breeding
17.4.4 Marketing of Livestock Product
17.5 Dissemination of Agriculture and Livestock Information
17.5.1 Mobile
17.5.2 Internet
17.5.3 Television
17.5.4 Radio
17.5.5 Newspaper
17.6 Conclusion
17.7 Future Development Aspects of IT in Agriculture and Livestock
References
18: Use of Wild Edible Plants Can Meet the Needs of Future Generation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Diversity and Conservation
18.3 Edible Plants from Wetlands in North East India
18.4 Wild Green Vegetables
18.5 Wild Fruits
18.6 WEPs as a Medicine
18.7 Forest Ecosystem Management
18.8 Genetic Tools for Trait Development
18.9 Conclusion
References