Advances in Terahertz Technology and Its Applications

✍ Scribed by Sudipta Das (editor), N. Anveshkumar (editor), Joydeep Dutta (editor), Arindam Biswas (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 375
• Edition: 1st ed. 2021
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book highlights the growing applications of THz technology and various modules used for their successful realization. The enormous advantages of THz devices like higher resolution, spatial directivity, high-speed communication, greater bandwidth, non-ionizing signal nature and compactness make them useful in various applications like communication, sensing, security, safety, spectroscopy, manufacturing, bio-medical, agriculture, imaging, etc. Since the THz radiation covers frequencies from 0.1THz to around 10THz and highly attenuated by atmospheric gases, they are used in short-distance applications only. The book focuses on recent advances and different research issues in terahertz technology and presents theoretical, methodological, well-established and validated empirical works dealing with the different topics.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Recent Trends in Terahertz Antenna Development Implementing Planar Geometries
1 Introduction
2 Designing of THz Antenna
2.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna Array
2.2 Sectoral H-plane Horn Antenna
3 Circuit Modeling of THz Antenna
4 Fabrication of Prototypes
5 Conclusion
References
Element Failure Correction Techniques for Phased Array Antennas in Future Terahertz Communication Systems
1 Introduction
1.1 Antenna Array Failure Correction Software Techniques
1.2 Antenna Array Failure Correction Hardware Solutions
2 Proposed IFT Antenna Array Failure Correction Technique
3 Single Antenna Element Design at 3.5 THz
3.1 3.5 THz Linear Antenna Array with Element Failure Correction
4 Simulation Results
5 Summary
Appendix A
References
The Magneto Electron Statistics in Heavily Doped Doping Super-Lattices at Terahertz Frequency
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Circularly Polarized Dual-Band Terahertz Antenna Embedded on Badge for Military and Security Applications
1 Introduction
2 Circularly Polarized Antenna Geometry and Simulation Results
2.1 Return Loss of the Proposed Design
2.2 Design Process and Equations Used
2.3 VSWR of the CP Antenna
2.4 Farfield of the Proposed CP Antenna
2.5 Circularly Polarized Behavior
2.6 Bending Analysis
2.7 Surface Current Distribution
2.8 Parametric Study
3 Antenna Simulation on Badge
3.1 Return Loss (dB)
3.2 3D Radiation Pattern
3.3 Total Radiation Efficiency (%)
4 Comparison with Related Works
5 Conclusion
References
Tera-Bit Per Second Quantum Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifier-Based All Optical NOT and NAND Gates
1 Introduction
2 Working Principle of the Inverter and Mathematical Modeling
3 Results and Discussions
4 Application of the Inverter in Designing NAND Gate
5 Implementation of NAND Gate Without Using Inverter
6 Conclusions
References
Performance Analysis of Oversampled OFDM for a Terahertz Wireless Communication System
1 Introduction
2 Terahertz Wireless Communication
2.1 Terahertz Frequency Domain
2.2 THz Band Characteristics
2.3 Applications THz Band
2.4 Technologies of THz Wireless Communication System
2.5 THz Wireless Communication
2.6 Challenges of THz Wireless Communication Systems
3 Modulation for THz Wireless Communication System
3.1 Justification for the Choice of Modulation Technique
3.2 Oversampled OFDM Modulation in THz Band
4 Simulation Results and Discussions
4.1 Power Spectral Density
4.2 Cumulative Distribution Function
5 Conclusion
References
Terahertz Antenna: Fundamentals, Types, Fabrication, and Future Scope
1 Introduction
2 Development of Terahertz Antennas
3 Basic Terahertz Antennas
3.1 Metallic Antennas (Horn Antenna)
3.2 Traveling-Wave Corner Cube Antenna
3.3 Dielectric Antenna
3.4 Novel Antenna
3.5 Terahertz Photoconductive Antennas
3.6 Reflector Antenna
3.7 Terahertz Lens Antennas
3.8 Terahertz Microstrip Antennas
3.9 THz On-Chip Antennas
4 Terahertz Sources and Detectors
5 Proposed Terahertz Lecky Wave Antenna
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Terahertz Antenna Design
5.3 Discussion on Result
6 Terahertz Antenna Process Technology
7 Future Research on Terahertz Antenna
7.1 The High Value of Gain
7.2 Size Reduction
7.3 The High Degree of Incorporation
8 Conclusion
References
1D Periodic Nonlinear Model and Using It to Design All-Optical Parity Generator Cum Checker Circuit
1 Introduction
2 1D Periodic Nonlinear Model
3 All-Optical XOR Gate
4 Parity Bit Generator Cum Checker Circuit
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Section I: Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors as Terahertz Radiation Generator
1 Introduction
2 Operation Principle of IMPATT and Its Development as a Terahertz Radiation Generator
3 Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors as Reliable THz Source
4 THz Operation Based on Avalanche Response Time (ART) Analysis
4.1 ART Method to Find the Suitability of Silicon Carbide and Gallium Nitride
5 Physical Parameters of 4H-Silicon Carbide and Wurtzite-Gallium Nitride
5.1 Ionization Rates
5.2 Drift Velocity of Charge Carriers
5.3 Various Important Parameters
6 Design and Methodology
6.1 Device Model
6.2 DC Analysis
6.3 Analysis for Small Amplitude RF Signal
6.4 Large Signal Analysis
7 Millimeter Wave and THz Simulation Results
8 Conclusion
References
Section II: Prospect of Heterojunction (HT) IMPATT Devices as a Source of Terahertz Radiation
1 Introduction
2 Potentiality of 3C-SiC  Si and AlmGa1−mN  GaN Based HT IMPATTs as Promising Sources of THz Radiation
3 Device Design
4 Simulated Outputs
4.1 Results for HT 3C-SiC/Si and Its HM Counterparts
4.2 Results for HT Al0.4Ga0.6 N  GaN and Its HM Counterparts
5 Conclusion
References
Advanced Materials-Based Nano-absorbers for Thermo-Photovoltaic Cells
1 Introduction
1.1 Generations of PV Cells
2 Basics of Thermo-Photovoltaic Cell
2.1 Important Parameters, Issues and Constituent Materials
3 Advanced Material-Based TPV Cell Absorber
4 Conclusion
References
Broadband SIW Traveling Wave Antenna Array for Terahertz Applications
1 Introduction
2 Single SIW Antenna Design
3 Single SIW Antenna Design
4 The Proposed Two-Way Linear SIW Antenna Array
5 Conclusion
References
Polarization of THz Signals Using Graphene-Based Metamaterial Structure
1 Introduction
2 Graphene Conductivity Model
3 Graphene-Based Polarizer
4 Graphene-Based Polarizer Using Optical Fiber
5 Graphene Array-Based Polarizer
6 Graphene Gold Patch-Based Three-Layered THz Polarizer
6.1 Introduction and Design Modeling
6.2 Results and Discussion
7 Graphene Metamaterial-Based Polarizer
8 Conclusion
References
Terahertz Frequency, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, Einstein Relation, Dimensional Quantization, and Opto-Electronic Materials
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
3 Suggestion for Experimental Determination of ER
4 Result and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Design and Characterization of Novel Reconfigurable Graphene Terahertz Antenna Using Metamaterials
1 Introduction
1.1 Traits and Properties of THz Band
1.2 Evolution of THz Technology
1.3 Applications of THz Band
2 Antenna Technologies for Terahertz Communications
2.1 Consequences for Antenna Design
2.2 Different Types of THz Antenna
3 Material Selection at THz Band
3.1 Graphene for THz Devices
3.2 Graphene Modeling
4 Proposed Antenna Design
4.1 Design of Circular Patch Antenna
4.2 Metasurface Loaded Circular Patch Antenna
5 Conclusion
References
Monopole Patch Antenna to Generate and Detect THz Pulses
1 Introduction
2 MIMO Principle
3 MIMO Skill Categories
4 MIMO Channel and Signal Patterns
4.1 Large-Scale Phenomena
4.2 Small-Scale Phenomena
4.3 Noise
4.4 Channel Characterization
4.5 Propagation Channel Modeling
5 Typical Coil Parameters
5.1 Input Impedance
5.2 Coefficient of Reflection and ROS
5.3 Radiation Pattern
5.4 Antenna Directivity, Gain and Performance
5.5 Bandwidth and Quality Factor
6 Design and Optimization of a MIMO Antenna
7 Conclusion
References
Artificial Neuron Based on Tera Hertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer Using Quantum Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
1 Introduction
2 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
3 Optical Neural Network
4 Quantum Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (QDSOA)
5 Tera Hertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer
6 Optical Neuron Using TOAD
7 Conclusions
References
Terahertz E-Healthcare System and Intelligent Spectrum Sensing Based on Deep Learning
1 Introduction
1.1 Contributions of the Book Chapter
2 Role of THz Frequency in Forthcoming Wireless Generations and E-Health Systems
2.1 THz Technology for Medical Applications
3 Terahertz E-Health System—A Novel Approach to Smart Healthcare
3.1 Proposed Perceptive Hierarchal Networking Architecture and Intelligent Spectrum Sensing for Medical Data Transmission
4 Intelligent Spectrum Sensing Based on Deep Learning Classifiers for THz E-Healthcare System
4.1 Recurrent Neural Network-Based Intelligent Spectrum Sensing
4.2 Long Short Term Memory Based Spectrum Sensing Model
4.3 Convolutional Neural Network-Based Spectrum Sensing Model
4.4 CNN-LSTM Classifier Model-Based Spectrum Sensing
4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of RNN, CNN, LSTM, and CNN-LSTM Models
5 Conclusion
References
Overview of THz Antenna Design Methodologies
1 Introduction
2 Features of THz Spectrum
3 Applications of THz Antenna
3.1 Medical Application
3.2 Wireless Communication
3.3 Security
3.4 Space Application
4 Salient Features of THz Antenna
4.1 THz Antenna Materials
4.2 THz Antenna Structures
5 Challenges and Research Scope
5.1 Antenna Design Parameters
5.2 Antenna Fabrication
5.3 THz Measurement
5.4 Future Research Scope
6 Conclusion
References
THz Meta-Atoms Versus Lattice to Non-invasively Sense MDAMB 231 Cells in Near Field
1 Introduction
2 Metasurface Versus Unit Atom
2.1 Floquet Theory Bloch Waves
2.2 Near-Field Theory
2.3 Transmission Line Model for Unit Cells and an Array
3 Cell Culture
4 Brillouin Zone in THz Excitation
5 Sensor Methodology
5.1 Design of Unit Cell
6 Experiments for Comparing Seeded Atoms
7 Resulting Nature of Biosensor
7.1 Unit Cell Results
7.2 Meta Surface-Based Array Results
8 Conclusion
References