Advances in Renewable Energy Engineering

✍ Scribed by Mahendra S. Seveda (editor), Pradip D. Narale (editor), Sudhir N. Kharpude (editor)

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 395
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book on Renewable Energy Engineering consolidates the most recent research on current technologies, concepts and commercial developments in the field. It provides an overview of renewable energy engineering practices and technologies and details important concepts like designing of solar photovoltaic system, solar thermal systems, solar water pumping system, solar greenhouse, fuel cell technology, hydro power, wind energy technology, bioenergy, geothermal energy, etc.

The subject matter is designed keeping in view the course curricula prescribed by central and state universities in India and abroad, and this book is aimed at students, researchers, academicians, scientists, teachers, policy makers, entrepreneurs, extension workers professionals and experts.

Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan or Bhutan)

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Editors
List of Contributors
1. Present Scenario, Challenges and Future Prospects of Renewable Energy in India
1. Introduction
1.1 Global Primary Energy Consumption
1.2 Major Energy Expenditure in India
2. Renewable Energy Resources Supplied for the Energy Requirement in India
2.1 Estimation of The Installed Capacity of Renewable Energy
2.2 Gross Electricity Production from Renewable Energy in India
3. Assessment of Gross Electricity Production with Renewable Energy
4. Present Accomplishments in Renewable Power 2017–2018
5. The Venture Openings in Renewable Power in India
6. Employment Open Doors for Residents in Renewable Sources in India
6.1 Global Business Situation
7. Challenges Looked By Renewable Energy in India
7.1 Policy and Administrative Deterrents
7.2 Institutional Deterrents
7.3 Financial and Monetary Snags
7.4 Market Obstacles
7.5 Technological Obstacles
7.6 Environmental Obstacles
8. Analysis and Suggestions After Research
8.1 Policy and Regulation Improvement
8.2 Communication Needs
8.3 Financing The Renewable Sector
8.4 Advancement in Manufacturing/Technology
9. Conclusions
References
2. Recent Trends in Solar Photovoltaic Technology
1. Introduction
2. Solar PV Cell
2.1 Photovoltaic Conversion
2.2 Construction of A Basic Solar PV Cell
2.3 Pv Hierarchy
2.4 Types of Solar PV Cells
2.4.1 Mono-crystalline Silicon Cells
2.4.2 Polycrystalline Silicon PV Cells
2.4.3 Thin-film PV Cells
2.5 Other High Efficiency Cells
2.5.1 Gallium Arsenide
2.5.2 Multi-junction
2.5.3 Emerging PV Cell Technologies
2.5.4 Perovskite Solar Cells
2.5.5 Organic Solar Cells
2.5.6 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
2.6 The Simplest Equivalent Circuit for A Photovoltaic Cell
2.7 Performance Characteristics of A Photovoltaic Cell
2.7.1 Open Circuit Condition
2.7.2 Short Circuit Condition
2.7.3 From Cells to Modules to Arrays
3. Performance Characteristics of A Photovoltaic Module
3.1 Understanding The Solar Pv Panel Data Sheet
3.2 Performance Characteristics Under Stc
3.2.1 No-load Condition (Open Circuit Condition)
3.3 Loading Condition
3.3.1 Efficiency
4. Factor Affecting The Performance of A Solar PV Module
5. Standards Organizations
5.1 International Electro Technical Commission (IEC)
5.2 Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
6. Conclusions
References
3. Advancements in Solar Photovoltaic Technology
1. Emerging Solar Photovoltaic Technologies
1.1 Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) Cell Technology
1.2 Bifacial Solar Cell and Modules
1.3 Split Modules by Half-Cut Cells
1.4 High Concentrator Photo Voltaic (HCPV)
1.4.1 Principle
1.4.2 Challenges
1.4.3 Combined Concentrated Photovoltaic and Thermal System
1.5 Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) Solar Cells
1.6 Transparent Solar Panels
1.7 Hetero-junction with Intrinsic Thin Layer Cells (HIT cells)
2. Solar Shingle Technology
3. Solar Paint
3.1 Solar Paint Hydrogen
3.2 Quantum Dot Solar Cells, Aka Photovoltaic Paint
3.3 Perovskite Solar Paint
4. Floating Panels, Floating Solar Farms
5. Anti-solar Cells: A Photovoltaic Cell that Works at Night
6. Coloured Solar Modules
7. Hydrogen Gel
8. Conclusions
References
4. Design of Solar Photovoltaic System for Rooftop
1. Difference Between Power and Energy
2. Computation of Energy Consumption by Appliances
3. Estimation of Electricity Bill
4. Understanding Electricity Bill
4.1 Unit Consumption Charges
4.2 Fixed Charges
4.3 Fuel Adjustment Charges (FAC)
4.4 Wheeling Charges
4.5 Electricity Duty/Taxes
5. Design of Solar Photovoltaic System for Household Need
5.1 Components of a Solar System
5.2 Solar Panels (Power Rating and Pricing)
5.2.1 Technical Specifications of a Solar Panel
5.2.2 Price of a Solar Panel
5.3 Solar Panel Technologies
5.3.1 Solar Cell Efficiencies
5.3.2 Area Requirement of Solar Panel
5.3.3 Life of a Solar Panel
5.3.4 Maintenance of Solar Panel
5.4 Basics of Batteries
5.4.1 Charge Capacity of a Battery
5.4.2 Terminal Voltage of a Battery
5.4.3 Energy Stored in a Battery
5.4.4 Battery Technologies
5.4.5 Energy Extractable from a Battery
5.4.6 Battery Life
5.4.7 Battery Pricing
5.4.8 Battery Maintenance
6. Electronic Management of Solar Systems
6.1 Roles of Electronic Management System
6.1.1 AC Based Electronic Management System
6.1.2 Efficiency of Inverter
6.1.3 DC Based electronic management system
6.1.4 Why use of DC based appliances is more energy efficient?
7. Operating cost of Home Appliances
7.1 Cost of Operation of Appliances
8. Solar Radiation in Our Area
8.1 Units of Solar Radiation
8.2 Availability of Solar Radiation in An Area
8.3 Orientation of Solar Panels
9. Design of a Solar Home System
9.1 Inverter Sizing
9.2 Battery Sizing
9.3 Solar Panel Sizing
References
5. Solar PV Water Pumping Technology
1. Introduction
2. Principle of Operation of Solar Energy
3. Solar PV Water Pumping System
4. Working Principle of Solar PV Water Pumping System
5. Components of Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping System
5.1 Solar PV Array
5.1.1 Solar PV Modules Connection in Series and Parallel
5.2 Water Pump
5.2.1 Submersible Water Pump
5.2.2 Surface Water Pump
5.3 Electric Motor
5.3.1 DC Motor
5.3.2 AC Motor
5.4 Batteries
5.5 Solar PV Inverter
5.6 Controller
5.7 Mounting Structures
5.8 Interconnect Cables
5.9 On/off Switch
6. Design Layout of Solar PV Water Pumping System
6.1 Structure
6.2 Orientation
6.3 Tilt
6.4 Sun Tracking
6.4.1 Solar Trackers
6.4.2 East-West Tracking
6.4.3 North-South Tracking
6.5 Pump Location
7. Types of Solar PV Water Pumping System
7.1 Solar PV Submersible DC Water Pump
7.2 Solar PV Submersible DC Water Pump with Batteries
7.3 Solar PV Surface DC Water Pump
7.4 Solar PV Surface AC Water Pump
7.5 Solar PV Submersible AC Water Pump
7.6 Solar PV Surface AC Water Pump
8. Conclusions
References
6. Various Converter topologies for Solar Photovoltaic Based System
1. Introduction
2. Different Converter Configurations for Solar Power Generation
3. Configurations of Grid-Connected Solar PV Systems
4. Architecture of Power Converters of PV Arrays
4.1 Central dc/ac and dc/ac Converters
4.2 Central dc/ac Inverter and String dc/ac Converters
4.3 Dc/Dc Optimizers
4.4 Detached Microinverters
4.5 Central and String Inverters
5. PV Array Model for Different Converter Configuration
5.1 Central Converter Configuration
5.2 String Converter arrangement
5.3 Micro-inverter Arrangement
6. Comparison of Maximum Power Using Central, String and Micro Converterarrangement
7. Conclusions
References
7. Solar Energy Utilization for Thermal Application: Solar Cooking
1. Introduction
2. Solar Cooker
2.1 Direct Solar Cooker
2.1.1 Box Type Cooker
2.1.2 Solar Panel Cooker
2.2 Concentrator Type Solar Cooker
2.1.1 Scheffler Cooker
2.3 Indirect Solar Cooker
2.3.1 Solar Cooker with Energy Storage
2.3.2 Sensible Heat Storage
2.2.3 Latent Heat Storage
3. Impact of Solar Cooker
References
8. Solar Drying Technology and Its Applications in the Food Processing Industry
1. Introduction
2. Solar Energy
3. Basic Theory of Drying Technology
4. Different Designs of Solar Dryers Available
4.1 Solar Dryer Principle
4.2 History on Solar Food Drying
4.3 Classification
4.3.1 Integral or Direct Solar Drying
4.3.2 Distributed or Indirect Solar Drying
4.3.3 Hybrid Solar Drying
5. Large Scale Solar Dryer Designs Suitable for Food Industry
6. Energy Balance
7. Economical Analysis of Drying Technology
8. Future Scope
References
9. Solar Greenhouse: Causes and Effects
1. Introduction
1.1 Historical Perspectives
2. Greenhouse System
2.1 The Beginning
2.2 Why Solar Greenhouses?
2.3 What is Solar Greenhouse Technology?
2.4 Need of Greenhouses
2.5 Principle
3. Site Selection and Design of Solar Greenhouse
3.1 Orientation and Tilt
3.2 Modes of Heat Transfer
3.3 Glazing Materials used
3.4 Heat Storage in Greenhouse
3.5 Ventilation
4. Types of Greenhouses
4.1 Classification Based upon Size
4.2 Classification Based upon Lifespan and Materials used
4.3 Classification Based upon Structural Shape of Frame
5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Greenhouse Structures
5.1 Advantages of Greenhouse Structures
5.2 Disadvantages of Greenhouse Structures
References
10. Bioenergy: Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion Technology
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
2.1 Classification of Biomass
2.2 Harvesting of Biomass
2.3 Physical Processing Techniques for Fuel Harnessing from Biomass
2.3.1 Drying
2.3.2 Size Reduction
2.3.3 Densification
2.3.4 Briquetting
2.4 Biomass Characteristics
2.4.1 Proximate Analysis
2.4.2 Ultimate Analysis
2.4.3 Heating Value or Energy Content
3. Biomass Conversion Technologies
3.4 Thermo-Chemical Conversion
3.4.1 Wet Processes
3.4.2 Dry Processes
3.5 Biochemical Conversion
3.5.1 Anaerobic Digestion
3.5.2 Alcoholic Fermentation
4. Biomass Gasifiers
4.1 Classification of Biomass Gasifiers
4.1.1 Fixed Bed Gasifiers
4.4.1.1 Updraft Gasifier
4.1.1.2 Down- Draft Gasifier
4.1.1.3 Cross Draft Gasifier
4.1.1.4 Twin Fire Gasifier
4.1.1.5 Fluidized Bed Gasifier
4.2 Typical Zonal Chemical Reactions and Products in a Countercurrent Gasifier
4.3 Fuel Parameters Influencing Gasification
4.4 Producer Gas Properties
4.5 Gasifier Applications
5. Biogas Generation
5.1 Process of Anaerobic Digestion
5.2 Factors for Optimum Biogas Generation
5.3 Classification of Biogas Plants
5.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Floating Drum Plant
5.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed Dome Type Plant
5.3.3 Types of Biogas Plants
5.3.4 Selection of Site for a Biogas Plant
5.3.5 Digester Design Considerations
5.3.6 Biogas Generated from Industrial Waste
5.3.7 Characteristics and Benefits of Biogas
5.3.8 Utilization of Biogas
6. Slurry Utilization
6.1 Methods of Application
6.2 Compression of Gas
6.3 Biofuels
6.3.1 Ethanol Production from Biomass
6.4 Biodiesel
6.4.1. Production Process of Biodiesel
6.4.2. Properties of Biodiesel
6.4.3. Storability of Biodiesel
6.5. Methanol Production from Biomass
6.1 Pre-treatment
6.2 Gasification
6.3 Applications of Methanol
References
11. Hydropower
1. History
2. Basics of Hydropower
2.1 Advantages of Hydro Power
2.2 Disadvantages of Hydro Power
2.3 Opportunities of Hydro Power
2.4 Threats of Hydro Power
2.5 Application of Hydro Power
3. Technology of Hydropower Plant
3.1 Types of Hydropower Plants
3.1.1 Dammed Reservoir
3.1.2 Run-of-the-River hydropower
3.1.3 Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH)
3.1.4 Diversion Hydropower
3.1.5 Advance Technology (Vortex Power) Hydropower
3.1.6 Small Capacity Hydropower Plant
3.1.7 Micro Capacity Hydropower Plant
3.1.8 Pico Capacity Hydropower Plant
4. Major Components of A Typical Hydroelectric Power System
4.1 Water Reservoir
4.2 Dam
4.3 Trash Rack
4.4 Forebay
4.5 Surge Tank
4.6 Intake or Control Gates
4.7 Penstock
4.8 Spillway
4.9 Power House
4.10 Water Turbines
4.11 Generators
5. Types of Water Turbines
5.1 Impulse Turbine
5.2 Reaction Turbine
6. TYpes of Water Generator
7. Future Prospects of Hydropower in India
8. Recent Advances
9. Novel Solutions for Hydropower
References
12. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology
1. Introduction
2. Fuel Cell
2.1. How Does Fuel Cell Work?
2.2 Types of Fuel Cell and Design
2.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
2.2.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
2.2.3 Solid Acid Fuel Cell (SAFC)
2.2.4 Alkali Fuel Cell (AFC)
2.2.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
2.2.6 Molten-Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
3. Efficiency of Leading Fuel Cell Types
3.1 Theoretical Maximum Efficiency
3.2 Practical Efficiency
4. Challenges for Fuel Cell Development
5. Applications of Fuel Cell
6. Hydrogen Fuel
6.1 Hydrogen Production
6.2 Hydrogen Production Process
6.2.1 Thermochemical Processes
6.2.2 Electrolytic Processes
6.2.3 Direct Solar Water Splitting Processes
6.2.4 Biological Processes
7. Policy Recommendations
8. Challenges Facing Widespread Use of Clean Hydrogen
References
13. Advances in Wind Energy Technology
1. Introduction
2. Airborne Wind Energy
2.1 Ground-Gen Airborne Wind Energy Systems
2.2 Fly-Gen Airborne Wind Energy Systems
3. Offshore Floating Wind Concepts
3.1 Floating Hybrid Energy Platforms
4. Smart Rotors Technology
4.1 Passive and Active Control Systems
4.2 Degree of Development, Challenges and Potential of Smart Rotors
5. Wind Turbine with Tip-rotors
6. Multi-rotor Wind Turbines
7. Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines
8. Other Small Wind Turbine Technologies
9. Wind induced Energy Harvesting From Aeroelastic Phenomena
References
14. Advances in Ocean Energy Technology
1. Introduction
2. Wave Energy
2.1 Estimation of Wave Energy Potential
2.2 Types of Wave Energy Convertors
2.2.1 Buoys or Floats
2.2.2 Oscillating Water Column
2.2.3 Focusing Devices
2.2.4 Point Absorbers
2.2.5 Wave Attenuators
3. Tidal Rise and Fall
3.1 Estimate of Tidal Energy
4. Marine Current
4.1 Horizontal Axis Turbines
4.2 Vertical Axis Turbines
4.3 Oscillating Hydrofoil
5. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Or Temperature Gradient
5.1 Types of OTEC Systems
5.1.1 Open Cycle System
5.1.2 Closed Cycle System
5.2 Location of OTEC Systems
5.3 Salinity Gradients
References
15. Advances in Geothermal Energy Technology
1. Introduction
1.1 World’s Scenario of Geothermal Energy Production
1.2 Indian Scenario of Geothermal Energy Production
2. Geothermal Exploration
3. Types of Geothermal Energy
3.1 Types of Geothermal Power Plant:
3.1.1 Dry Steam Plants
3.1.2 Flash Steam Plants
3.1.3 Binary Cycle Power Plants
4. Power Analysis
5. Challenges and Future Aspects
6. Conclusions
References
16. Renewable Energy Sources for Environmental Protection
1. Environmental Pollution
2. Causes of Environmental Pollution
2.1 Soil Pollution
2.1.1 Causes of Soil Degradation
2.2 Water Pollution
2.2.1 Causes of Water Pollution
2.3 Noise Pollution
2.4 Thermal Pollution
2.5 Nuclear Pollution
2.6 Air Pollution
2.6.1 Types of Air Pollutants
2.6.2 Air Pollution in India: Current Status
2.6.3 Role of Stubble Burning in Air Pollution
3. Major Alternatives to Tackle Increasing Environmental Pollution
4. Renewable Energy Sources for Environmental Protection
4.1 Solar Energy
4.1.1 Solar Cooker
4.1.2 Solar Water Heater
4.1.3 Solar Dryer
4.1.4 Solar Photovoltaic System
4.2 Bioenergy
4.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion
4.2.2 Biochemical Conversion
5. Steps Taken By Govt. of India to Reduce The Environmental Pollution
5.1 Water Pollution
5.2 Air Pollution
6. Conclusions
References
17. Renewable Energy for Climate Change Mitigation
1. Introduction
1.1 Energy Scenario of World and India
2. Conventional Energy and Climate Changes
3. Renewable Energy Sources
3.1 Wind Energy
3.2 Solar Energy
3.3 Hydropower
3.4 Bioenergy
3.5 Geothermal Energy
3.6 Ocean Energy
4. Sustainability, Opportunities and Status of Non-conventional Energy Sources
5. Renewable Energy for Climate Change Mitigation
6. Challenges of Renewable Energy to Climate Change Mitigation
References
Subject Index