Advances in Building Services Engineering: Studies, Researches and Applications

✍ Scribed by Ioan Sarbu

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 910
• Edition: 1st ed. 2021
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides a comprehensive, systematic overview of original theoretical, experimental, and numerical studies in the building services engineering domain. It brings together different strands of the topic, guided by the two key features of energy savings and reduction of the pollutant emissions. Technical, economic, and energy efficiency aspects related to the design, modelling, optimisation, and operation of diverse building services systems are explored.

This book includes various theoretical studies, numerical and optimisation models, experiments, and applications in this field, giving an emphasis to:

• indoor environment quality assurance;
• energy analysis, modelling, and optimisation of heating systems;
• improving the energy performance of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems;
• valorising the solar and geothermal energies;
• analysis of thermal energy storage technologies;
• hydraulic simulation and optimisation of water distribution systems; and
• improving the energy efficiency of water pumping.

With 11 pedagogically structured chapters, containing numerous illustrations, tables, and examples, this book provides researchers, lecturers, engineers, and graduate students with a thorough guide to building service engineering.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Author
1 Introduction
1.1 Generalities
1.2 Assurance of Indoor Environmental Quality
1.3 Modelling, Optimisation and Modernisation of Heating Systems
1.4 Efficient Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems
1.5 Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
1.6 Ground-Sources Heat Pumps for Sustainable Heating and Cooling
1.7 Thermal Energy Storage
1.8 Analysis and Optimisation of Water Transmission and Distribution Systems
1.9 Efficient Wastewater Treatment Plants
1.10 Hydraulic Calculation of Open Channels and Sewer Columns in Buildings
1.11 Numerical Modelling of Heat Transfer
References
2 Assurance of Indoor Environment Quality in Buildings
2.1 Generalities
2.2 Comfort and Indoor Air Quality Assessment in Closed Spaces
2.2.1 Preliminary Considerations
2.2.2 Fundamental Components of the Comfort
2.2.3 Prediction of Thermal Comfort
2.2.4 Thermal Comfort Criteria for Design of Heating Systems
2.2.5 The Relationship Between Thermal Environment and Human Performance
2.2.6 Evaluation of Olfactory Comfort
2.2.7 Indoor Air Quality Simulation Model
2.2.8 Computation of Outside Air Flow Rate and Air Quality Control
2.2.9 Influence of CO2 on Human Performance and Productivity
2.2.10 Conclusions
2.3 Experimental and Numerical Research to Assess IEQ and Schoolwork Performance in University Classrooms
2.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
2.3.2 Description of Building and Classrooms
2.3.3 Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in the Amphitheatre by Subjective and Experimental Measurements
2.3.4 Prediction of Student Schoolwork Performance Depending on the IEQ Parameters
2.3.5 Simulation of PMV-PPD Indices and Heating/Cooling Energy Demand Using Software TRNSYS
2.3.6 Conclusions
References
3 Modelling, Optimisation and Modernisation of Heating Systems
3.1 Generalities
3.2 Modelling and Optimisation Techniques for District Heating Systems
3.2.1 Preliminary Considerations
3.2.2 Study Objectives and Methodology
3.2.3 Configuration of a District Heating System
3.2.4 Modelling of Distribution Networks
3.2.5 Optimisation Techniques
3.2.6 Optimisation of Distribution Networks
3.2.7 Example of Single-Objective Optimisation
3.2.8 Overview of the Optimisation Models in the Literature
3.2.9 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
3.3 Energy Analysis of Unbalanced Central Heating Systems
3.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
3.3.2 Indoor Temperature
3.3.3 Heat Losses and Energy Consumption
3.3.4 Building Elements Influence
3.3.5 Conclusions
3.4 Energy Saving Potential for Pumping Water in District Heating Plants
3.4.1 Preliminary Considerations
3.4.2 Thermal Load of the Heating Plant
3.4.3 Solutions for Reducing the Pumping Energy
3.4.4 Throttling Control Valve Versus Variable-Speed Drive—Case Studies
3.4.5 Conclusions
3.5 Heat Distribution Systems in Buildings
3.5.1 Preliminary Considerations
3.5.2 Radiator Heating System
3.5.3 Radiant Heating Systems
3.5.4 Efficiency of Heating Systems
3.5.5 Conclusions
3.6 Fluids Temperature Regulation Using Self-adjustable Cables
3.6.1 Preliminary Considerations
3.6.2 System Description
3.6.3 Structure of Heating Cable
3.6.4 Operating Mode
3.6.5 Technical Characteristics and Utilisations of Self-adjustable Cable
3.6.6 Conclusions
3.7 Comparative Characterisation of Plastic Tubes
3.7.1 Preliminary Considerations
3.7.2 Classification of Plastics
3.7.3 Plastics Used for the Production of Tubes in Building Services
3.7.4 Comparative Analysis of the Plastic Tubes Characteristics
3.7.5 Conclusions
References
4 Efficient Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems
4.1 Generalities
4.2 Vapour Compression-Based Refrigeration Systems
4.2.1 Preliminary Considerations
4.2.2 Operation Principle and Thermodynamic Cycle
4.2.3 Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emission
4.3 Types of Compressors
4.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
4.3.2 Reciprocating Compressors
4.3.3 Rotary Screw Compressors
4.3.4 Centrifugal Compressors
4.3.5 Scroll Compressors
4.4 Substitution Strategy of Non-ecological Refrigerants
4.4.1 Preliminary Considerations
4.4.2 Environmental Impact of Refrigerants
4.4.3 Influence of Refrigerants on Process Efficiency
4.4.4 Strategy Concerning Non-ecological Refrigerants
4.4.5 Environmental Impact Analysis of Possible Substitute for R22
4.5 Conclusions
4.6 Using Recovered Thermal Energy from Refrigerating Systems
4.6.1 Preliminary Considerations
4.6.2 Hot Water Production
4.6.3 Heating the Ground Under Cooled Spaces
4.6.4 Defrosting the Air-Cooled Surfaces
4.6.5 Heat Recovery by a Heat Pump
4.7 Conclusions
4.8 Optimal Design of Refrigeration Insulations
4.8.1 Preliminary Considerations
4.8.2 Types of Insulation for Refrigeration Applications
4.8.3 Optimisation Model
4.8.4 Numerical Application
4.9 Conclusions
4.10 Thermal Calculation of Refrigeration Columns for Soil Freezing
4.10.1 Preliminary Considerations
4.10.2 Mathematical Model
4.10.3 Numerical Application
4.11 Conclusions
4.12 Experimental Study on the Frost Self-protection of Cooling Towers
4.12.1 Preliminary Considerations
4.12.2 Theoretical Aspects on the Cooling Towers and Their Frost Self-protection
4.12.3 Description of the Experimental Stand and Measuring Devices
4.12.4 Experimental Investigation
4.12.5 Processing and Interpretation of the Experimental Results
4.13 Conclusions
4.14 Experimental and Numerical Investigations of the Energy Efficiency of Conventional Air-Conditioning Systems
4.14.1 Preliminary Considerations
4.14.2 Description of the Experimental Office Room
4.14.3 Description of the Experimental VAC System
4.14.4 Measuring Apparatus
4.14.5 Experimental Results
4.14.6 Optimal Control of Energy Consumption
4.14.7 Assessment of Thermal Comfort
4.14.8 Numerical Simulation of Energy Consumption and Thermal Comfort Using TRNSYS Software
4.14.9 Influence of Design Indoor Air Parameters on Energy Consumption of Heating and Air Conditioning
4.15 Conclusions
References
5 Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
5.1 Generalities
5.2 Solar Water and Space Heating Systems
5.2.1 Preliminary Considerations
5.2.2 Solar Water Heating Systems
5.2.3 Solar Space Heating Systems
5.2.4 Solar Combisystems
5.2.5 Conclusions
5.3 Solar Thermal Cooling Systems
5.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
5.3.2 Solar Sorption Cooling Systems
5.3.3 Solar Thermo-Mechanical Cooling Systems
5.3.4 Hybrid Cooling and Heating Systems
5.3.5 Comparison of Various Solar Thermal Cooling Systems
5.3.6 Conclusions
5.4 Solar Thermo-Electric Cooling Systems
5.4.1 Preliminary Considerations
5.4.2 General Description of a Solar Thermo-Electric Cooling System
5.4.3 Development of Thermo-Electric Materials
5.4.4 Thermo-Electric Cooler
5.4.5 Characteristics and Performance of the Coolers
5.4.6 Thermo-Electric Cooling Modelling
5.4.7 Optimisation of the TE Cooling System Design
5.4.8 Thermo-Electric Cooling Applications
5.5 Conclusions
References
6 Heat Pumps for Sustainable Heating and Cooling
6.1 Generalities
6.2 Energy-Economic Analysis of Building Heating and Cooling by Heat Pump Systems
6.2.1 Preliminary Considerations
6.2.2 Classification and Operation Principle of an HP
6.2.3 Thermodynamic Cycle of a Vapour Compression-Based HP
6.2.4 Operation Regimes of an HP
6.2.5 Performances and CO2 Emission of HP
6.2.6 Energy-Economic Analysis of Different Systems
6.2.7 Examples of HP Utilisation
6.2.8 Conclusions
6.3 General Review of Ground Source Heat Pump Systems
6.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
6.3.2 Operation Principle of an HP
6.3.3 Description of HP Types
6.3.4 Ground Source Heat Pump Systems
6.3.5 Environmental Performances
6.3.6 Hybrid GCHP Systems
6.3.7 Better Energy Efficiency with Combined Heating and Cooling by HPs
6.3.8 Energy, Economic and Environmental Performances of a Closed-Loop GCHP System
6.3.9 Conclusions
6.4 Simulation of Ground Thermo-Physical Capacity for a Vertical Closed-Loop GCHP System
6.4.1 Preliminary Considerations
6.4.2 Ground Thermal Response Test
6.4.3 Use of EED Simulation Program: Case Study for a BHE
6.4.4 Conclusions
6.5 Performance Analysis of Different Heating Systems Connected to a GCHP for an Office Room
6.5.1 Preliminary Considerations
6.5.2 Description of Office Room
6.5.3 Experimental Facilities
6.5.4 Borehole Heat Exchanger
6.5.5 Heat Pump Unit
6.5.6 GCHP Data Acquisition System
6.5.7 Heating Systems
6.5.8 Measuring Apparatus
6.5.9 Experimental Results
6.5.10 Thermal Comfort Assessment
6.5.11 Numerical Simulation of Useful Thermal Energy and System COP Using TRNSYS Software
6.5.12 Conclusions
6.6 Performance of an Experimental Vertical GCHP System for Heating, Cooling and DHW Operation
6.6.1 Preliminary Considerations
6.6.2 Description of Experimental Laboratory
6.6.3 Description of the Experimental System
6.6.4 Measuring Apparatus
6.6.5 Laboratory Experiment Results
6.6.6 Numerical Simulation of Useful Thermal Energy Using TRNSYS Software
6.6.7 Conclusions
References
7 Thermal Energy Storage
7.1 Generalities
7.2 An Overview of Thermal Energy Storage
7.2.1 Classification and Characteristics of Storage Systems
7.2.2 Sensible Heat Storage
7.2.3 Latent Heat Storage
7.2.4 Chemical Energy Storage
7.2.5 Cool Thermal Energy Storage
7.2.6 Conclusions and Future Trends
7.3 Heat Transfer Analysis in TES Using LHS Systems and PCMs
7.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
7.3.2 Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage
7.3.3 Heat Transfer Analysis
7.3.4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions
References
8 Hydraulic Simulation and Optimisation of Water Transmission and Distribution Systems
8.1 Generalities
8.2 Nodal Analysis of Urban Water Distribution Networks
8.2.1 Preliminary Considerations
8.2.2 Steady State Network Equations
8.2.3 Principle of the Nodal Method
8.2.4 Nodal Analysis Models
8.2.5 Numerical Examples
8.2.6 Conclusions
8.3 Hydraulic Analysis of Looped Networks Using Variational Formulations
8.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
8.3.2 Basis of Hydraulic Analysis
8.3.3 Variational Formulation of the Problem
8.3.4 Numerical Application
8.3.5 Conclusions
8.4 Solving Flow-Constrained Networks
8.4.1 Preliminary Considerations
8.4.2 Mathematical Model Formulation
8.4.3 Numerical Results
8.4.4 Conclusions
8.5 Determination of Neutral Point in Looped Network Pipes with Variable Discharge on Route
8.5.1 Preliminary Considerations
8.5.2 Mathematical Model
8.5.3 Numerical Application
8.5.4 Conclusions
8.6 Hydraulic Analysis of a Recycled Technological Water Supply Network
8.6.1 Preliminary Considerations
8.6.2 Mathematical Model
8.6.3 Computer Program OPREATER
8.6.4 Numerical Application
8.6.5 Conclusions
8.7 Path Optimisation of Water Transmission and Distribution Systems
8.7.1 Preliminary Considerations
8.7.2 Path Optimisation Models for Water Adduction Mains
8.7.3 Path Optimisation Model for Water Branched Networks
8.7.4 Conclusions
8.8 Optimisation of Pressurised Water Adduction Mains
8.8.1 Preliminary Considerations
8.8.2 Specific Cost Indices
8.8.3 Flow Equation
8.8.4 Optimisation Model
8.8.5 Conclusions
8.9 Optimisation Models of Looped Urban Water Supply Networks
8.9.1 Preliminary Considerations
8.9.2 Steady State Network Equations
8.9.3 Objective Function and Optimisation Criteria
8.9.4 Optimisation Methodology
8.9.5 Computational Model of Optimal Discharges
8.9.6 Non-linear Optimisation Model
8.9.7 Linear Optimisation Model
8.9.8 Numerical Application
8.9.9 Conclusions
8.10 Multi-objective Optimisation of Water Distribution Networks
8.10.1 Preliminary Considerations
8.10.2 Methods and Techniques of Optimisation
8.10.3 Objective of Optimisation
8.10.4 Decision Variables and Constraints
8.10.5 Overview of the Multi-objective Optimisation Models in Literature
8.10.6 Examples of WDN Design Optimisation
8.10.7 Conclusions
8.11 Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Flow in Water Distribution Networks
8.11.1 Preliminary Considerations
8.11.2 Overview of Transient Evaluation
8.11.3 Considerations on Pipe System Design
8.11.4 Transient Analysis in Pipe Networks
8.11.5 Optimisation of Pipe Networks
8.11.6 Numerical Example
8.11.7 Conclusions
8.12 Optimisation of Water Distribution System Energy Efficiency Using Potential Elements
8.12.1 Preliminary Considerations
8.12.2 Improving Energy Efficiency of Water Pumping
8.12.3 Energy Optimisation Methodology
8.12.4 Case Studies
8.12.5 Results and Discussion
8.12.6 Conclusions
References
9 Sewage Treatment Plants
9.1 Generalities
9.2 Local Plants and Efficient Procedures for Wastewater Treatment
9.2.1 Preliminary Considerations
9.2.2 Autonomous Sewage Treatment Plant
9.2.3 Small Sewage Treatment Plant
9.2.4 The Cavitation Air Flotation System
9.2.5 Conclusions
9.3 Designing a Pilot Sewage Treatment Plant for Small Localities
9.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
9.3.2 Parameters for Wastewater Treatment Design
9.3.3 Description of Pilot STP
9.3.4 Designing the Components of Pilot STP
9.3.5 Conclusions
References
10 Hydraulic Calculation of Open Channels and Sewer Columns in Buildings
10.1 Generalities
10.2 General Analytical Model for Hydraulic Computation of Open Channels with Steady State Uniform Flow
10.2.1 Preliminary Considerations
10.2.2 Simple Channels
10.2.3 Compound Channels
10.2.4 Numerical Applications
10.2.5 Conclusions
10.3 A New Calculation Model for Design of Sewer Columns in Buildings
10.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
10.3.2 Flow Processes
10.3.3 Computational Model
10.3.4 Conclusions
References
11 Numerical Modelling of Heat Transfer
11.1 Generalities
11.2 Numerical Simulation of 2D Steady State Heat Conduction Using Finite and Boundary Element Methods
11.2.1 Preliminary Considerations
11.2.2 Analytical Model of Heat Conduction
11.2.3 Numerical Model with Finite Elements
11.2.4 Numerical Model with Boundary Elements
11.2.5 Applications
11.2.6 Conclusions
11.3 Numerical Simulation of the Laminar Forced Convective Heat Transfer Between Two Concentric Cylinders
11.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
11.3.2 Physical Problem and Its Mathematical Formulation
11.3.3 Numerical Model
11.3.4 Simulation Results and Discussion
11.3.5 Conclusions
11.4 Numerical Simulation of Water Freezing in Outdoor Pressurised Pipes
11.4.1 Preliminary Considerations
11.4.2 Elements of Thermal Energy
11.4.3 Thermal Balance
11.4.4 Mathematical/Numerical Model
11.4.5 Numerical Applications and Results
11.4.6 Conclusions
References