Advances in Application of Stem Cells: From Bench to Clinics (Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 69)

✍ Scribed by Firdos Alam Khan (editor)

• Publisher: Humana
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 320
• Edition: 1st ed. 2021
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The field of stem cell biology is expanding with a continued surge of new information related to its applications. Over past few years, stem cells have been extensively used in cell therapy, tissue engineering, in vitro drug testing among others. At the moment there is no single book available which comprehensively describes the significance of various application of stem cells derived from embryonic and adult sources from lab to clinics. In this edited volume, we discuss basics and advanced topics of stem cells to help researchers, students and professional find the most important information in a single source of updated information about stem cells and relevant applications. This book is divided in 12 chapters and covers topics such as in vitro cell culture, 3D cell culture, cell therapy, tissue engineering, cell factory, cell functionality, in vitro drug testing, organ development, autologous transplantation, allogeneic transplantation, adult stem cells, multipotent stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, a pluripotent and embryonic stem cells.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editor
1 Basics of Stem Cells
Definition of Stem Cells
Historical Background of Stem Cell Research
Structure and Morphology of Stem Cells
Characteristics of Stem Cells
Differences Between Somatic Cells and Somatic Stem Cells
Stem Cells in Different Species (Animals and Humans)
Post Development Growth/Repair/Maintenance
Location and Function of Stem Cells in the Human Body
There Are Many Known Sites of Stem Cell Activities
Role of Stem Cells in Human Development and Embryology
Multipotent Stem Cells Versus Pluripotent Stem Cells
Nobel Prize Research on Stem Cells
References
2 Types and Classification of Stem Cells
Introduction
Classification of Stem Cells Based on Their Potency
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Oligopotent
Unipotent
Classification of Stem Cells Based on Their Origin
Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs)
Human Fetal Stem Cells (hFSCs)
Adult Stem Cells
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
References
3 Isolation and Characterization of Stem Cells
Discovery of Isolation and Characterization Methods
Isolation Techniques
Mechanical Isolation/Dissection
Laser Isolation
Immunosurgery
Microdissection
Minimized Trophoblast Cell Differentiation
Characterization Techniques
Formation of Embryoid Body (EB)
Suspension Culture
Hanging Drop Culture
Semisolid Media
Role of Growth Factors
Non-Specific Growth Factors
Cellular Characterizations of Stem Cells Using Cell Surface Markers by Immunofluorescence Technique
Methodology
Molecular Characterization of Stem Cells by Transcription Factors Using PCR and RT-PCR Technique
Methodology
RNA Isolation and RNA Quality Assessment
cDNA Synthesis
Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR
Data Analysis
Teratoma Formation Technology
Methodology
Genetic Analysis Using Chromosomes Analysis of Stem Cells
Methodology
References
4 Differentiation of Stem Cells into Neuronal Lineage: In Vitro Cell Culture and In Vivo Transplantation in Animal Models
Introduction
Differentiation of Stem Cells into Neural Lineage
In Vitro Tissue Cultures, Transition from 2D to 3D
Structure of Brain Organoids and the Gene Expression
A Comparison of the 2D and 3D Brain Cultures
Use of Hydrogel and Other Matrix in Brain Organoids
Increasing the Scalability and Traceability of Organoids
Brain-on-a-Chip
Stem Cells for Brain Research, HiPSCs from Patients
The Blood-Brain Barrier
Neuronal Disorders and Disease Models
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Model
Neural Disease Models
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Stem Cell Transplantation
Transplantation of Stem Cells in Model Metazoans
Future Directions
Brain Regeneration: Reversing the Vision Loss in Mouse Model by Reprogramming Stem Cells
CRISPR and iPSC
Conclusions
References
5 Differentiation of Stem Cells into Cardiomyocyte Lineage: In Vitro Cell Culture, In Vivo Transplantation in Animal Models
Differentiation of Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes Lineage: In Vitro Cell Culture
Introduction to Pluripotent Embryonic Cells
Development of Cardio Myocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells
Steps of Pluripotent Stem Cells Differentiation into Cardiomyocytes
Methods in Cardiomyocyte Differentiation
Concept and Methods of In Vitro Differentiation of ESCs and iPSCs Cells into Cardiomyocyte In Vitro Differentiation of ESCs
Differentiation of iPSCs into Human Cardio Myocytes
Methods for Differentiation of iPSCs and ESCs into Cardiomyocytes
Future Trends of iPSCs in Stem Cell Research with Regard to Cardio Myocytes
Applications of In-Vitro Culture in Cardiogenesis
Differentiation of Stem Cells into Cardiomyocyte Lineage: In Vivo Transplantation in Animal Models
Introduction to Embryonic Cells Involved in In-Vivo Development of Cardiomyocyte Lineage
Function of Different Factors of Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in ES Cell Differentiation
Evaluation of Efficacy of Embryonic Cells in Functional and Anatomical Cardiac Repair in Animal Model
Evaluation of Embryonic Cell Therapy for the Repair and Regeneration of Cardiac Tissue at the Clinical Level
References
6 Differentiation of Stem Cells into Hepatocyte Lineage: In Vitro Cell Culture, In Vivo Transplantation in Animal Models
Introduction
Isolation and Culture of Hepatocytes
Hepatocyte Morphological and Functional Characterization
Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Hepatocytes
Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells into Hepatocytes
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Differentiation into Hepatocyte
Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Differentiation into Hepatocytes
Application in Drug Discovery, Preclinical, and Clinical Trials
2D and 3D Hepatocyte Confirmation, Liver Formation
References
7 Differentiation of Stem Cells into Pancreatic Lineage: In vitro Cell Culture, in vivo Transplantation in Animal Models
Pancreas
Pancreas Development
Development Pancreas in Embryonic Stage and Endoderm Specification
Specification of the Dorsal and Ventral Pancreas
The Primary Transition
The Secondary Transition
The Final Transition
Pancreatic Exocrine Cells
Pancreatic Endocrine Cells
β-cell Regeneration
β-cells Regeneration During Pregnancy
β-cells Regeneration During Obesity
β-cells Regeneration After Partial Pancreatectomy
Pancreatic Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus
Alternative Sources of Pancreatic β-cells
Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) into Pancreatic β-cells
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) into Pancreatic β-cells
Differentiation of Adult Pancreatic Stem/Progenitor Cells into Pancreatic β-cells
Generation of Pancreatic β-cells Using the Three-Dimensional 3D Cell Culture Method
Why Use 3-D Cell Culture Systems?
Generation of Pancreatic β-cells Using the 3D Cell Culture Method
Transdifferentiation of Pancreatic Cells
Clinical Trials of Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes
The Challenges of Stem Cell Therapy
Summary
References
8 Application of Stem Cells in Treatment of Bone Diseases: Pre-clinical and Clinical Perspectives
Introduction
Short History of Stem Cell Development
Osteonecrosis of Head of Femur
Introduction
Pre-clinical Studies
Clinical Studies
Conclusion
Stem Cell Therapy in Fracture Healing
Introduction
Pre-clinical Studies
Clinical Studies
Conclusion
Stem Cell Therapy in Osteoarthritis of Knee
Introduction
Pre-clinical Studies
Clinical Studies
Conclusion
Stem Cell Therapy in Meniscus Injuries and Ligament Injuries
Introduction
Pre-clinical Studies
Clinical Studies
Conclusion
Stem Cell Therapy in Management of Osteoporosis
Introduction
Pre-clinical Studies
Clinical Studies
Stem Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury
Introduction
Pre-clinical Studies
Clinical Studies
Conclusion
References
9 Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Clinical Trials
Introduction
Clinical Trials of Bone and Muscle Diseases Using Stem Cell Therapy
Bone Disease and Regenerative Medicine
Clinical Trials in Joint Diseases and Stem Cell Therapy
Musculoskeletal Disease and Stem Cell Therapy
Neuromuscular Disease and Stem Cell Therapy
Clinical Trials of Brain Diseases and Stem Cell Therapy
List of Clinical Trials in Brain Injuries
List of Clinical Trials in Brain Diseases
List of Clinical Trials in Spinal Cord Injuries
List of Clinical Trials in Peripheral Nerves Diseases
Clinical Trials of Heart Diseases with Stem Cell Therapy
List of Clinical Trials in Myocardial Infarction
List of Clinical Trials in Stroke and Related Diseases
List of Clinical Trials in Digestive System Diseases
List of Clinical Trials in Eye Diseases
List of Clinical Trials in Kidney Diseases
List of Clinical Trials in Skin Diseases
References
10 Stem Cell Production: Scale Up, GMP Production, Bioreactor
Stem Cell Production
Historical Overview
Challenges—Difficulties and Shortcomings that Faced Researchers
Advances—Improvements in Stem Cell Production Over the Years
Scale Up of Stem Cell Production
Scale Up Methodology
3D Production Systems
Stem Cells Types
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
iPSC Stem Cells
Stem Cells Applications
Classical Cell Therapies
Gene Therapy
Regenerative Medicine
Organoids
Spheroids
GMP Production
Cost of Clinical Production
Quality Assurance
Facility
References
11 Stem Cell-Based Products in the Market
Introduction
Stem Cells Global Market
Stem Cells Products in Diagnostics and Disease Treatment
Stem Cells in Treatment of Neurological Disorders
Stem Cells in Treatment of Cardiovascular System
Technological Advancement Involving Stem Cells Therapy
Stem Cells and Vaccine Production
Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicines
Stem Cell-Based Products in the Market
Allocord®
Hemacord®
Ducord®
Prochymal®
Alofisel®
Holoclar®
Zalmoxis®
Clinical Trials
Stem Cells Products in Skin Treatment and Cosmetics
Characters of ASCs
Applications of ASCs and ASC-CM in Skin
Conclusions
References
12 Commercialization, IPR, and Market of Stem Cell Products
Introduction to Stem Cell Products
Introduction to Broad Categories of Stem Cell Research Products and Regulations Associated with Stem Cell Research Products
Common Types of Stem Cell Product and Supply
Market Competition with Perception to Stem Cell Products
Funding for Stem Cell Research
Current Regulatory Challenges in Stem Cell Product Development
Commercialization
Stem Cell Therapy and Its Inclusion at Global Level in Clinical Research
Stem Cell Production at Clinical Dimension and cGMP Protocol
Stem Cell Commercialization Establishment
Commercial Perspective of Stem Cell Products
Intellectual Property Rights and Stem Cell Products
Intellectual Property Rights and Stem Cell Products
Regulatory Intellectual Properties and Laws of Stem Cell Research in Different Developed Nations
Market of Stem Cells Products
Global Stem Cell-Based Products and Stem Cell Therapy Market
Market Segmentation
Market Dynamics
References
Index