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PREFACE
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
NOMENCLATURE *
Greek symbols
Subscripts
Superscripts
Mathematical Symbols
Acronyms
Laws of Thermodynamics in Lay Terminology
CONTENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
A.IMPORTANCE,SIGNIFICANCE AND LIMITATIONS
B.LIMITATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS
1.Review
a.System and Boundary
b.Simple System
c.Constraints and Restraints
d.Composite System
e.Phase
f.Homogeneous
g.Pure Substance
h.Amount of Matter and Avogadro Number
i.Mixture
j.Property
k.State
l.Equation of State
m.Standard Temperature and Pressure
n.Partial Pressure
o.Process
p.Vapor –Liquid Phase Equilibrium
C.MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND
1.Explicit and Implicit Functions and Total Differentiation
2.Exact (Perfect)and Inexact (Imperfect)Differentials
a.Mathematical Criteria for an Exact Differential
i.Two Variables (x and y)
ii.Three or More Variables
3.Conversion from Inexact to Exact Form
4.Relevance to Thermodynamics
a.Work and Heat
b.Integral Over a Closed Path (Thermodynamic Cycle)
5.Homogeneous Functions
a.Relevance of Homogeneous Functions to Thermodynamics
i.Extensive Property
ii.Intensive Property
iii.Partly Homogeneous Function
iv.Conversion of Extensive Into Intensive Properties
6.Taylor Series
7.LaGrange Multipliers
8.Composite Function
9.Stokes and Gauss Theorems
a.Stokes Theorem
b.Gauss –Ostrogradskii Divergence Theorem
c.The Leibnitz Formula
D.OVERVIEW OF MICROSCOPIC THERMODYNAMICS
1.Matter
2.Intermolecular Forces and Potential Energy
3.Internal Energy,Temperature,Collision Number and Mean Free Path
a.Internal Energy and Temperature
b.Collision Number and Mean Free Path
i.Monatomic Gas
ii.Diatomic Gas
iii.Triatomic Gas
4.Pressure
a.Relation between Pressure and Temperature
5.Gas,Liquid,and Solid
6.Work
7.Heat
8.Chemical Potential
a.Multicomponent into Mul- ticomponent
b.Single Component into Multicomponent
9.Boiling/Phase Equilibrium
a.Single Component Fluid
b.Multiple Components
10.Entropy
11.Properties in Mixtures – Partial Molal Property
E.SUMMARY
F.APPENDIX
1.Air Composition
2.Proof of the Euler Equation
3.Brief Overview of Vector Calculus
a.Scalar or Dot Product
i.Work Done to Move an Object
ii.Work Done to Move an Electrical Charge
b.Vector or Cross Product r
c.Gradient of a Scalar
d.Curl of a Vector
Chapter 2: FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
A.INTRODUCTION
1.Zeroth Law
2.First Law for a Closed System
a.Mass Conservation
b.Energy Conservation
i.Elemental Process
ii.Internal Energy
iii.Potential Energy
iv.Kinetic Energy
v.Integrated Form
vi.Uncoupled Systems
vii.Coupled Systems
c.Systems with Internal Motion
viii.Adiabatic Work and Caratheodary Axiom I
d.Cyclical Work and Poincare Theorem
ix.Cyclical Work
x.Poincare Theorem
xi.Rate Form
e.Quasiequilibrium Work
f.Nonquasiequilibrium Work
g.First Law in Enthalpy Form
xii.Internal Energy and Enthalpy
xiii.Specific Heats at Constant Pressure and Volume
xiv.Adiabatic Reversible Process for Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats
xv.Polytropic Process
3.First Law For an Open System
a.Conservation of Mass
xvi.Nonsteady State
xvii.Elemental Form
xviii.Steady State
xix.Closed System F A
b.Conservation of Energy
xx.Flow Work
xxi.Nonsteady State
xxii.Elemental Form
xxiii.Steady State
xxiv.Rate Form
xxv.Unit Mass Basis
xxvi.Elemental Form
xxvii.Closed System
xxviii.Remarks
xxix.Steady State Steady Flow (SSSF)
c.Multiple Inlets and Exits
d.Nonreacting Multicomponent System
xxx.Mass Conservation
xxxi.Energy Conservation
4.Illustrations
a.Heating of a Residence in Winter
b.Thermodynamics of the Human Body
c.Charging of Gas into a Cylinder
d.Discharging Gas from Cylinders
e.Systems Involving Boundary Work
f.Charging of a Composite System
B. I N T E G R A L A ND DIFFERENTIAL FORMS OF CONSERVATION EQUATIONS
1.Mass Conservation
a.Integral Form
b.Differential Form
2.Energy Conservation
a.Integral Form
b.Differential Form
c.Deformable Boundary
C.SUMMARY
D.APPENDIX
1.Conservation Relations for a Deformable Control Volume
Chapter 3: SECOND LAW AND ENTROPY
A.INTRODUCTION
1.Thermal and Mechanical Energy Reservoirs
a.Heat Engine
b.Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycle
B.STATEMENTS OF THE SECOND LAW
1.Informal Statements
a.Kelvin (1824-1907)– Planck ((1858-1947)Statement
b.Clausius (1822-1888)Statement
i.Perpetual Motion Machines
C.CONSEQUENCES OF THE SECOND LAW
1.Reversible and Irreversible Processes
2.Cyclical Integral for a Reversible Heat Engine
3.Clausius Theorem
4.Clausius Inequality
5.External and Internal Reversibility
6.Entropy
a.Mathematical Definition
b.Characteristics of Entropy
7.Relation between ds,dq and T During an Irreversible Process
a.Caratheodary Axiom II
ii.Proof
D.ENTROPY BALANCE EQUATION FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM
1.Infinitesimal Form
a.Uniform Temperature within a System
b.Nonuniform Properties within a System
iii.Simple rule
2.Integrated Form
3.Rate Form
4.Cyclical Form
5.Irreversibility and Entropy of an Isolated System
6.Degradation and Quality of Energy
a.Adiabatic Reversible Processes
E.ENTROPY EVALUATION
1.Ideal Gases
a.Constant Specific Heats
b.Variable Specific Heats
2.Incompressible Liquids
3.Solids
4.Entropy During Phase Change
a.T –s Diagram
5.Entropy of a Mixture of Ideal Gases
a.Gibbs –Dalton ´s law
b.Reversible Path Method
F.LOCAL AND GLOBAL EQUILIBRIUM
G.SINGLE –COMPONENT INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
H.THIRD LAW
I.ENTROPY BALANCE EQUATION FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM
1.General Expression
2.Evaluation of Entropy for a Control Volume
3.Internally Reversible Work for an Open System
4.Irreversible Processes and Efficiencies
5.Entropy Balance in Integral and Differential Form
a.Integral Form
b.Differential Form
6.Application to Open Systems
a.Steady Flow
b.Solids
J.MAXIMUM ENTROPY AND MINIMUM ENERGY
1.Maxima and Minima Principles
a.Entropy Maximum (For Specified U,V,m)
b.Internal Energy Minimum (for specified S,V,m)
c.Enthalpy Minimum (For Specified S,P,m )
d.Helmholtz Free Energy Minimum (For Specified T,V,m)
e.Gibbs Free Energy Minimum (For Specified T,P,m)
2.Generalized Derivation for a Single Phase
a.Special Cases
iv.No Thermal Constraint
v.No Mechanical Constraint
vi.No Chemical Constraint
vii.Other Cases
K.SUMMARY
L.APPENDIX
1.Proof for Additive Nature of Entropy
2.Relative Pressures and Volumes
3.LaGrange Multiplier Method for Equilibrium
a.U,V,m System
b.T,P,m System
viii.One Component
ix.Multiple Components
Chapter 4: AVAILABILITY
A.INTRODUCTION
B.OPTIMUM WORK AND IRREVERSIBILITY IN A CLOSED SYSTEM
1.Internally Reversible Process
2.Useful or External Work
3.Internally Irreversible Process with no External Irreversibility
a.Irreversibility or Gouy –Stodola Theorem
4.Nonuniform Boundary Temperature in a System
C.AVAILABILITY ANALYSES FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM
1.Absolute and Relative Availability Under Interactions with Ambient
2.Irreversibility or Lost Work
a.Comments
D.GENERALIZED AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS
1.Optimum Work
2.Lost Work Rate,Irreversibility Rate,Availability Loss
3.Availability Balance Equation in Terms of Actual Work
a.Irreversibility due to Heat Transfer
4.Applications of the Availability Balance Equation
5.Gibbs Function
6.Closed System (Non –Flow Systems)
a.Multiple Reservoirs
b.Interaction with the Ambient Only
c.Mixtures
7.Helmholtz Function
E.AVAILABILITY EFFICIENCY
1.Heat Engines
a.Efficiency
b.Availability or Exergetic (Work Potential)Efficiency
2.Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
a.Coefficient of Performance
3.Work Producing and Consumption Devices
a.Open Systems:
b.Closed Systems
4.Graphical Illustration of Lost,Isentropic,and Optimum Work
5.Flow Processes or Heat Exchangers
a.Significance of the Availability or Exergetic Efficiency
b.Relation Between • Avail ,f and • Avail ,0 for Work Producing Devices
F.CHEMICAL AVAILABILITY
1.Closed System
2.Open System
a.Ideal Gas Mixtures
b.Vapor or Wet Mixture as the Medium in a Turbine
c.Vapor –Gas Mixtures
d.Psychometry and Cooling Towers
G.INTEGRAL AND DIFFERENTIAL FORMS
1.Integral Form
2.Differential Form
3.Some Applications
H.SUMMARY
Chapter 5: POSTULATORY (GIBBSIAN)THERMODYNAMICS
A.INTRODUCTION
B.CLASSICAL RATIONALE FOR POSTULATORY APPROACH
1.Simple Compressible Substance
C.LEGENDRE TRANSFORM
1.Simple Legendre Transform
a.Relevance to Thermodynamics
2.Generalized Legendre Transform
3.Application of Legendre Transform
D.GENERALIZED RELATION FOR ALL WORK MODES
1.Electrical Work
2.Elastic Work
3.Surface Tension Effects
4.Torsional Work
5.Work Involving Gravitational Field
6.General Considerations
E.THERMODYNAMIC POSTULATES FOR SIMPLE SYSTEMS
1.Postulate I
2.Postulate II
3.Postulate III
4.Postulate IV
F.ENTROPY FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION
G.ENERGY FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION
H.INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
I.SUMMARY
Chapter 6: STATE RELATIONSHIPS FOR REAL GASES AND LIQUIDS
A.INTRODUCTION
B.EQUATIONS OF STATE
C.REAL GASES
1.Virial Equation of State
a.Exact Virial Equation
b.Approximate Virial Equation
2.Van der Waals (VW)Equation of State
a.Clausius –I Equation of State
b.VW Equation
i.Comments
3.Redlich –Kwong Equation of State
4.Other Two –Parameter Equations of State
5.Compressibility Charts (Principle of Corresponding States)
6.Boyle Temperature and Boyle Curves
a.Boyle Temperature
b.Boyle Curve
c.The Z =1 Island
7.Deviation Function
8.Three Parameter Equations of State
a.Critical Compressibility Factor (Zc)Based Equations
b.Pitzer Factor
i.Comments
c.Evaluation of Pitzer factor,•
i.Saturation Pressure Correlations
ii.Empirical Relations
9.Other Three Parameter Equations of State
a.One Parameter Approximate Virial Equation
b.Redlich –Kwong –Soave (RKS)Equation
c.Peng –Robinson (PR)Equation
10.Generalized Equation of State
11.Empirical Equations Of State
a.Benedict –Webb –Rubin Equation
b.Beatie – Bridgemann ((BB)Equation of State
c.Modified BWR Equation
d.Lee –Kesler Equation of State
e.Martin –Hou
12.State Equations for Liquids/Solids
a.Generalized State Equation
b.Murnaghan Equation of State
c.Racket Equation for Saturated Liquids
d.Relation for Densities of Saturated Liquids and Vapors.
e.Lyderson Charts (For Liquids)
f.Incompressible Approximation
D.SUMMARY
E.APPENDIX
1.Cubic Equation
a.Case I:• >0
i.Case Ia:• >0
ii.Case Ib:• <0
b.Case II:• <0
2.Another Explanation for the Attractive Force
3.Critical Temperature and Attraction Force Constant
Chapter 7: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF PURE FLUIDS
A.INTRODUCTION
B.IDEAL GAS PROPERTIES
C.JAMES CLARK MAXWELL (1831 –1879)RELATIONS
1.First Maxwell Relation
a.Remarks
2.Second Maxwell Relation
a.Remarks
3.Third Maxwell Relation
a.Remarks
4.Fourth Maxwell Relation
a.Remarks
5.Summary of Relations
D.GENERALIZED RELATIONS
1.Entropy ds Relation
a.Remarks
2.Internal Energy (du)Relation
a.Remarks
3.Enthalpy (dh)Relation
a.Remarks
4.Relation for (cp –cv)
a.Remarks
E.EVALUATION OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
1.Helmholtz Function
2.Entropy
3.Pressure
4.Internal Energy
a.Remarks
5.Enthalpy
a.Remarks
6.Gibbs Free Energy or Chemical Potential
7.Fugacity Coefficient
F.PITZER EFFECT
1.Generalized Z Relation
G.KESLER EQUATION OF STATE (KES)AND KESLER TABLES
H.FUGACITY
1.Fugacity Coefficient
a.RK Equation
b.Generalized State Equation
2.Physical Meaning
a.Phase Equilibrium
b.Subcooled Liquid
c.Supercooled Vapor
I.EXPERIMENTS TO MEASURE (uO – u))
J.VAPOR/LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM CURVE
1.Minimization of Potentials
a.Helmholtz Free Energy A at specified T,V and m
b.G at Specified T,P and m
2.Real Gas Equations
a.Graphical Solution
b.Approximate Solution
3.Heat of Vaporization
4.Vapor Pressure and the Clapeyron Equation
a.Remarks
5.Empirical Relations
a.Saturation Pressures
b.Enthalpy of Vaporization
6.Saturation Relations with Surface Tension Effects
a.Remarks
b.Pitzer Factor from Saturation Relations
K.THROTTLING PROCESSES
1.Joule Thomson Coefficient
a.Evaluation of µJT
b.Remarks
2.Temperature Change During Throttling
a.Incompressible Fluid
b.Ideal Gas
c.Real Gas
3.Enthalpy Correction Charts
4.Inversion Curves
a.State Equations
b.Enthalpy Charts
c.Empirical Relations
5.Throttling of Saturated or Subcooled Liquids
6.Throttling in Closed Systems
7.Euken Coefficient – Throttling at Constant Volume
a.Physical Interpretation
L.DEVELOPMENT OF THERMODYNAMIC TABLES
1.Procedure for Determining Thermodynamic Properties
2.Entropy
M.SUMMARY
Chapter 8: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES
A.PARTIAL MOLAL PROPERTY
1.Introduction
a.Mole Fraction
b.Mass Fraction
c.Molality
d.Molecular Weight of a Mixture
2.Generalized Relations
a.Remarks
3.Euler and Gibbs –Duhem Equations
a.Characteristics of Partial Molal Properties
b.Physical Interpretation
i.Remarks
4.Relationship Between Molal and Pure Properties
a.Binary Mixture
b.Multicomponent Mixture
5.Relations between Partial Molal and Pure Properties
a.Partial Molal Enthalpy and Gibbs function
b.Differentials of Partial Molal Properties
i.Remarks
6.Ideal Gas Mixture
a.Volume
b.Pressure
c.Internal Energy
d.Enthalpy
e.Entropy
f.Gibbs Free Energy
7.Ideal Solution
a.Volume
b.Internal Energy and Enthalpy
c.Gibbs Function
d.Entropy
8.Fugacity
a.Fugacity and Activity
b.Approximate Solutions for ˆ g•
i.Ideal solution or the Lewis –Randall Model
ii.Henry ’s Law
c.Standard States
i.Gas Mixtures
ii.Liquid Mixtures
d.Evaluation of the Activity of a Component in a Mixture.
e.Activity Coefficient
f.Fugacity Coefficient Relation in Terms of State Equation for P
g.Duhem – Margules Relation
i.Multiple Components
ii.Binary Components
h.Ideal Mixture of Real Gases
i.Mixture of Ideal Gases
j.Relation between Gibbs Function and Enthalpy
k.Excess Property
l.Osmotic Pressure
i.Ideal Solution
B.MOLAL PROPERTIES USING THE EQUATIONS OF STATE
1.Mixing Rules for Equations of State
a.General Rule
b.Kay ’s Rule
c.Empirical Mixing Rules
d.Peng Robinson Equation of State
e.Martin Hou Equation of State
f.Virial Equation of State for Mixtures
2.Dalton ’s Law of Additive Pressures (LAP)
3.Law of Additive Volumes (LAV)
4.Pitzer Factor for a Mixture
5.Partial Molal Properties Using Mixture State Equations
a.Kay ’s rule
b.RK Equation of State
C.SUMMARY
Chapter 9: PHASE EQUILIBRIUM FOR A MIXTURE
A.INTRODUCTION
1.Miscible,Immiscible and Partially Miscible Mixture
2.Phase Equilibrium
a.Two Phase System
b.Multiphase Systems
c.Gibbs Phase Rule
B.SIMPLIFIED CRITERIA FOR PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
1.General Criteria for Any Solution
2.Ideal Solution and Raoult ’s Law
a.Vapor as Real Gas Mixture
b.Vapor as Ideal Gas Mixture
i.Remarks
C.PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DIAGRAMS
1.Completely Miscible Mixtures
a.Liquid –Vapor Mixtures
b.Relative Volatility
c.P –T Diagram for a Binary Mixture
d.P –Xk(l)–T diagram
e.Azeotropic Behavior
2.Immiscible Mixture
a.Immiscible Liquids and Miscible Gas Phase
b.Miscible Liquids and Immiscible Solid Phase
3.Partially Miscible Liquids
a.Liquid and Gas Mixtures
b.Liquid and Solid Mixtures
D.DISSOLVED GASES IN LIQUIDS
1.Single Component Gas
2.Mixture of Gases
3.Approximate Solution –Henry ’s Law
E.DEVIATIONS FROM RAOULT ’S LAW
1.Evaluation of the Activity Coefficient
F.SUMMARY
G.APPENDIX
1.Phase Rule for Single Component
a.Single Phase
b.Two Phases
c.Three Phases
d.Theory
2.General Phase Rule for Multicomponent Fluids
3.Raoult ’s Law for the Vapor Phase of a Real Gas
Chapter 10: STABILITY
A.INTRODUCTION
B.STABILITY CRITERIA
1.Isolated System
a.Single Component
2.Mathematical Criterion for Stability
a.Perturbation of Volume
i.Geometrical Criterion
ii.Differential Criterion
b.Perturbation of Energy
c.Perturbation with Energy and Volume
d.Multicomponent Mixture
i.Remark
ii.Criterion for Binary Mixture
e.System With Specified Values of S,V,and m
f.Perturbation in Entropy at Specified Volume
g.Perturbation in Entropy and Volume
i.Binary and Multicomponent Mixtures
h.System With Specified Values of S,P,and m
i.System With Specified Values of T,V,and m
i.Perturbations With Respect to Temperature
ii.Binary and Multicomponent Mixtures
j.System With Specified Values of T,P,and m
i.Perturbations With Respect to Pressure
ii.Perturbation With Respect to temperature
iii.Perturbations With Respect to P and T
k.Multicomponent Systems
C.APPLICATION TO BOILING AND CONDENSATION
1.Physical Processes and Stability
a.Physical Explanation
2.Constant Temperature and Volume
3.Specified Values of S,P,and m
4.Specified Values of S (or U),V,and m
D.ENTROPY GENERATION DURING IRREVERSIBLE TRANSFORMATION
E.SPINODAL CURVES
1.Single Component
2.Multicomponent Mixtures
F.DETERMINATION OF VAPOR BUBBLE AND DROP SIZES
G.UNIVERSE AND STABILITY
Mechanical Stability:
Thermal Stability:
Adiabatic Throttling of the Universe:
H.SUMMARY
Chapter 11: CHEMICALLY REACTING SYSTEMS
A.INTRODUCTION
B.CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND COMBUSTION
1.Stoichiometric or Theoretical Reaction
2.Reaction with Excess Air (Lean Combustion)
3.Reaction with Excess Fuel (Rich Combustion)
4.Equivalence Ratio,Stoichiometric Ratio
5.Dry Gas Analysis
C.THERMOCHEMISTRY
1.Enthalpy of Formation (Chemical Enthalpy)
2.Thermal or Sensible Enthalpy
3.Total Enthalpy
4.Enthalpy of Reaction
5.Heating Value
6.Entropy,Gibbs Function,and Gibbs Function of Formation
D.FIRST LAW ANALYSES FOR CHEMICALLY REACTING SYSTEMS 1.First Law
1.First Law
2.Adiabatic Flame Temperature
a.Steady State Steady Flow Processes in Open Systems
b.Closed Systems
E.COMBUSTION ANALYSES IN THE CASE OF NONIDEAL BEHAVIOR
1.Pure Component
2.Mixture
F.SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF CHEMICALLY REACTING SYSTEMS
1.Entropy Generated During an Adiabatic Chemical Reaction
2.Entropy Generated During an Isothermal Chemical Reaction
G.MASS CONSERVATION AND MOLE BALANCE EQUATIONS
1.Steady State System
H.SUMMARY
Chapter 12: REACTION DIRECTION AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
A.INTRODUCTION
B.REACTION DIRECTION AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
1.Direction of Heat Transfer
2.Direction of Reaction
3.Mathematical Criteria for a Closed System
i. Specified Values of U,V,and m
ii.Specified Values of S,V,and m
iii.Specified Values of S,P,and m
iv.Specified values of H,P,and m
v.Specified Values of T,V,and m
vi.Specified Values of T,P,and m
4.Evaluation of Properties During an Irreversible Chemical Reaction
a.Nonreacting Closed System
b.Reacting Closed System
c.Reacting Open System
5.Criteria in Terms of Chemical Force Potential
6.Generalized Relation for the Chemical Potential
C.CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS
1.Nonideal Mixtures and Solutions
a.Standard State of an Ideal Gas at 1 Bar
b.Standard State of a Nonideal Gas at 1 Bar
2.Reactions Involving Ideal Mixtures of Liquids and Solids
3.Ideal Mixture of Real Gases
4.Ideal Gases
a.Partial Pressure
b.Mole Fraction
5.Gas,Liquid and Solid Mixtures
6.van ’t Hoff Equation
a.Effect of Temperature on K o (T)
b.Effect of Pressure
7.Equilibrium for Multiple Reactions
8.Adiabatic Flame Temperature with Chemical Equilibrium
a.Steady State Steady Flow Process
b.Closed Systems
9.Gibbs Minimization Method
a.General Criteria for Equilibrium
b.Multiple Components
D.SUMMARY
E.APPENDIX
Chapter 13: AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS FOR REACTING SYSTEMS
A.INTRODUCTION
B.ENTROPY GENERATION THROUGH CHEMICAL REACTIONS
C.AVAILABILITY
1.Availability Balance Equation
2.Adiabatic Combustion
3.Maximum Work Using Heat Exchanger and Adiabatic Combustor
4.Isothermal Combustion
5.Fuel Cells
a.Oxidation States and electrons
b.H2-O2 Fuel Cell
D.FUEL AVAILABILITY
E.SUMMARY
Chapter 14: PROBLEMS
A.CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS
Problem A1
Problem A2
Problem A3
Problem A4
Problem A5
Problem A6
Problem A7
Problem A8
Problem A9
Problem A10
Problem A11
Problem A12
Problem A13
Problem A14
Problem A15
Problem A16
Problem A17
Problem A18
Problem A19
Problem A20
Problem A21
Problem A22
Problem A23
Problem A24
B.CHAPTER 2 PROBLEMS
Problem B1
Problem B2
Problem B3
Problem B4
Problem B5
Problem B6
Problem B7
Problem B8
Problem B9
Problem B10
Problem B11
Problem B12
Problem B13
Problem B14
Problem B15
Problem B16
Problem B17
Problem B18
Problem B19
Problem B20
Problem B21
Problem B22
Problem B23
Problem B24
Problem B25
Problem B26
Problem B27
Problem B28
Problem B29
C.CHAPTER 3 PROBLEMS
Problem C1
Problem C2
Problem C3
Problem C4
Problem C5
Problem C6
Problem C7
Problem C8
Problem C9
Problem C10
Problem C11
Problem C12
Problem C13
Problem C14
Problem C15
Problem C16
Problem C17
Problem C18
Problem C19
Problem C20
Problem C21
Problem C22
Problem C23
Problem C24
Problem C25
Problem C26
Problem C28
Problem C29
Problem C30
Problem C31
Problem C32
Problem C33
Problem C34
Problem C35
Problem C36
Problem C37
Problem C38
Problem C39
Problem C40
Problem C41
Problem C42
Problem C43
Problem C44
Problem C45
Problem C46
Problem C47
Problem C48
Problem C49
Problem C50
Problem C51
Problem C52
Problem C53
Problem C54
Problem C55
Problem C56
Problem C57
Problem C58
Problem C59
Problem C60
Problem C61
Problem C62
Problem C63
Problem C64
Problem C65
Problem C66
Problem C67
Problem C68
Problem C69
Problem C70
Problem C71
Problem C72
Problem C73
Problem C74
Problem C75
Problem C76
Problem C77
Problem C78
Problem C79
Problem C80
Problem C81
Problem C82
Problem C83
Problem C84
Problem C85
D.CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS
Problem D1
Problem D2
Problem D3
Problem D4
Problem D5
Problem D6
Problem D7
Problem D8
Problem D9
Problem D10
Problem D11
Problem D12
Problem D13
Problem D14
Problem D15
Problem D16
Problem D17
Problem D18
Problem D19
Problem D20
Problem D21
Problem D22
Problem D23
Problem D24
Problem D25
Problem D26
Problem D27
Problem D28
Problem D29
Problem D30
Problem D31
Problem D32
Problem D33
Problem D34
Problem D35
Problem D36
Problem D37
Problem D38
Problem D39
Problem D40
Problem D41
Problem D42
Problem D43
Problem D44
Problem D45
Problem D46
Problem D47
Problem D48
Problem D49
Problem D50
Problem D51
Problem D52
Problem D53
Problem D54
E.CHAPTER 5 PROBLEMS
Problem E1
Problem E2
Problem E3
Problem E4
F.CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS
Problem F1
Problem F2
Problem F3
Problem F4
Problem F5
Problem F6
Problem F7
Problem F8
Problem F9
Problem F10
Problem F11
Problem F12
Problem F13
Problem F14
Problem F15
Problem F16
Problem F17
Problem F18
Problem F19
Problem F20
Problem F21
Problem F22
Problem F23
Problem F24
Problem F25
Problem F26
Problem F27
Problem F28
Problem F29
Problem F30
Problem F31
Problem F32
Problem F33
Problem F34
Problem F35
Problem F36
Problem F37
Problem F38
Problem F39
Problem F40
Problem F41
Problem F42
Problem F43
Problem F44
Problem F45
Problem F46
Problem F47
Problem F48
Problem F49
Problem F50
Problem F51
Problem F52
Problem F53
Problem F54
Problem F55
Problem F56
Problem F57
Problem F58
Problem F59
Problem F60
G.CHAPTER 7 PROBLEMS
Problem G1
Problem G2
Problem G3
Problem G4
Problem G5
Problem G6
Problem G7
Problem G8
Problem G9
Problem G10
Problem G11
Problem G12
Problem G13
Problem G14
Problem G15
Problem G16
Problem G17
Problem G18
Problem G19
Problem G20
Problem G21
Problem G22
Problem G23
Problem G24
Problem G25
Problem G26
Problem G27
Problem G28
Problem G29
Problem G30
Problem G31
Problem G32
Problem G33
Problem G34
Problem G35
Problem G36
Problem G37
Problem G38
Problem G39
Problem G40
Problem G41
Problem G42
Problem G43
Problem G44
Problem G45
Problem G46
Problem G47
Problem G48
Problem G49
Problem G50
Problem G51
Problem G52
Problem G53
Problem G54
Problem G55
Problem G56
Problem G57
Problem G58
Problem G59
Problem G60
Problem G61
Problem G62
Problem G63
Problem G64
Problem G65
Problem G66
Problem G67
Problem G68
Problem G69
Problem G70
Problem G71
Problem G72
Problem G73
Problem G74
Problem G75
Problem G76
Problem G77
H.CHAPTER 8 PROBLEMS
Problem H1
Problem H2
Problem H3
Problem H4
Problem H5
Problem H6
Problem H7
Problem H8
Problem H9
Problem H10
Problem H11
Problem H12
Problem H13
Problem H14
Problem H15
Problem H16
Problem H17
Problem H18
I.CHAPTER 9 PROBLEMS
Problem I1
Problem I2
Problem I3
Problem I4
Problem I5
Problem I6
Problem I7
Problem I8
Problem I9
Problem I10
Problem I11
Problem I12
Problem I13
J.CHAPTER 10 PROBLEMS
Problem J1
Problem J2
Problem J3
Problem J4
Problem J5
Problem J6
Problem J7
Problem J8
Problem J9
Problem J10
Problem J11
Problem J12
Problem J13
Problem J14
Problem J15
Problem J16
Problem J17
Problem J18
Problem J19
Problem J20
Problem J21
Problem J22
Problem J23
K.CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS
Problem K1
Problem K2
Problem K3
Problem K4
Problem K5
Problem K6
Problem K7
Problem K8
Problem K9
Problem K10
Problem K11
Problem K12
Problem K13
Problem K14
Problem K15
Problem K16
Problem K17
Problem K18
Problem K19
Problem K20
Problem K21
Problem K22
Problem K23
Problem K24
L.CHAPTER 12 PROBLEMS
Problem L1
Problem L2
Problem L3
Problem L4
Problem L5
Problem L6
Problem L7
Problem L8
Problem L9
Problem L10
Problem L11
Problem L12
Problem L13
Problem L14
Problem L15
Problem L16
Problem L17
Problem L18
Problem L19
Problem L20
Problem L21
Problem L22
Problem L23
Problem L24
Problem L25
Problem L26
Problem L27
Problem L28
Problem L29
Problem L30
Problem L31
Problem L32
Problem L33
Problem L34
Problem L35
M.CHAPTER 13 PROBLEMS
Problem M1
Problem M2
Problem M3
Problem M4
Problem M5
Problem M6
Problem M7
Problem M8
Problem M9
Problem M10
Problem M11
Problem M12
Problem M13
Problem M14
Problem M15
Problem M16
Problem M17
Problem M18
APPENDIX A: TABLES
TABLE Contents
APPENDIX B: CHARTS
APPENDIX C: FORMULAE
A.CHAPTER 1 RELATIONS
B.CHAPTER 2 RELATIONS
C.CHAPTER 3 RELATIONS
D.CHAPTER 4 RELATIONS
E.CHAPTER 5 RELATIONS
F. CHAPTER 6 RELATIONS
G.CHAPTER 7 RELATIONS
H.CHAPTER 8 RELATIONS
I.CHAPTER 9 RELATIONS
J.CHAPTER 10 RELATIONS
K.CHAPTER 11 RELATIONS
L.CHAPTER 12 RELATIONS
M.CHAPTER 13 RELATIONS
APPENDIX D: REFERENCES
A.GENERAL REFERENCES
B.STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS
C.STATE EQUATIONS,OPTIMIZATIONS AND PROPERTIES
D.OTHER SOURCES
E.WEBSITES