Advanced Power Systems and Security: Computer Aided Design

✍ Scribed by Samir Ibrahim Abood (editor), Muna Hamid Fayyadh (editor)

• Publisher: Nova Science Pub Inc
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 468
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

"A textbook that provides an excellent focus on the advanced topics of the power system and gives exciting analysis methods and a cover of the important applications in the power systems. At the beginning of each chapter is an abstract that states the chapter objectives. Next, the introduction for each chapter. All principles are presented in a lucid, logical, step-by-step approach. As much as possible, the authors avoid wordiness and detail overload that could hide concepts and impede understanding. andIn each chapter, the authors present some of the solved examples and applications using a computer program. Toward the end of each chapter, the authors discuss some application aspects of the concepts covered in the chapter using a computer program. In recognition of requirements by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) on integrating computer tools, the use of MATLABª and ATP version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) are encouraged in a student-friendly manner. MATLABª is introduced in Appendix C and applied gradually throughout the book. Each illustrative example is immediately followed by practice problems. Students can follow the example step by step to solve the practice problems without flipping pages or looking at the end of the book for answers. These practice problems test students' comprehension and reinforce key concepts before moving on to the next section. The book is intended as a textbook for a senior-level undergraduate student in electrical and computer engineering departments, and appropriate for Graduate Students Industry professionals, researchers, and academics.--

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Abstract
Chapter 1 – Energy losses of reactive power flow
Chapter 2 – Selection components of the distribution system
Chapter 3 – Economic aspects of capacitor application in the distribution network
Chapter 4 – Earthing of power system
Chapter 5 – High Impedance Fault
Chapter 6 – Optimum location of distribution generator
Chapter 7 – Flexible ac transmission systems devices
Chapter 8 – Optimum location of FACTs devices
Chapter 9 – High voltage DC transmission lines
Chapter 10 – Microgrid power system
Chapter 11 – Power system Security
Preface
Chapter 1
Optimal Reactive Power Flow
1.1. Control Variables
1.1.1. Active Power Loss Based Problem Formulation
1.1.2. Energy Loss Based Problem Formulation
1.2. Optimazation Techniques
1.2.1. LP Technique
1.2.1.1. Objective Function
1.2.1.2. Network Performance Constraints
1.2.1.3. Constraints on the Control Variables
1.2.1.4. Mathematical Model
1.2.1.5. ORPF Control (L.P.) Technique
1.2.2. SQP Technique (fmincon function)
1.3. ORPF Algorithm
1.3.1. Frequency of Running ORPF
1.3.2. Number of Control Adjustment
1.4. PLM and ELM Applications
1.4.1. Ward and Hall 6-Bus System
1.4.1.1. Power Loss Minimization Using L.P. Technique
1.4.1.2. Energy Loss Minimization Using L.P. Technique
1.4.1.3. Power and Energy Loss Minimization Using SQP
1.4.1.4. Results Summary
1.4.2. The IEEE 30-Bus Power System
1.4.3. Problems
Chapter 2
Selection Components of the Distribution System
2.1. Selection of Distribution System Components
2.1.1. Distribution Transformers
2.1.2. The Effect of Installing a Fixed Shunt Capacitor
2.1.3. Conductor Material and Sizing for Cost Reduction
2.2. Distribution Transformer Performance
2.2.1. The Nature of Transformer Losses
2.2.1.1. No-Load Losses
2.2.1.2. Load Losses
2.2.1.3. Stray Losses
2.2.2. Transformer Selection Problem
2.2.3. Transformer Efficiency
2.2.4. Loss Cost Evaluation
2.2.4.1. Example 2.1
2.2.4.2. Example 2.2
2.3. Economic Conductor Selection
2.3.1. Parameters for Conductor Selection
2.3.1.1. Conductor Material
2.3.1.2. Conductor Size
2.3.1.3. Conductor Cost
2.4. Design Algorithm
2.4.1. Example 2.3
2.4.2. Solution
2.4.3. Example 2.4
2.4.4. Problems
Chapter 3
Capacitor Application in the Distribution Network
3.1. Individual Load Compensation
3.2. Capacitors Connection
3.3. Advantages of Reactive Power Compensation
3.3.1 Reduced Billing Charges
3.3.2. Increasing the Apparent Power Capacity
3.3.3. Reduction in Lines and Cable Losses
3.3.4. Reduction in Transformer Losses
3.3.5. Reduction in Voltage Drop
3.4. Types of Capacitors
3.4.1. Fixed Capacitors
3.4.2. Switched Capacitors
3.4.3. Automatic Control Capacitors
3.5. Compensation of Distribution Feeders with Fixed Capacitors
3.5.1. Distribution Load Flow
3.5.2. Size, Number, and Location of Fixed Capacitors
3.6. Preparation of the Annual Load Duration Curve
3.7. Annual Cost of Losses and Capacitors
3.7.1. Annual Cost of Feeder Losses
3.7.2. Annual Cost of Transformers Losses
3.7.3. Annual Cost of Capacitor
3.8. Applications
3.8.1. Example 3.1
3.8.2. Calculation of the Annual Load Duration Curve
3.9. Distribution Feeders with Switched Capacitors
3.9.1. Optimal Switching Strategy of Switched Capacitors of a 30 Buses System
3.9.2. Optimal Size, Number, Location, and Control Schemes of the Switched
3.9.3. Problems
Chapter 4
Earthing of Power System
4.1. The Concept of Earthing
4.2. Purposes of System Grounding
4.3. Methods of System-Neutral Grounding
4.3.1. Ungrounded System
4.3.2. Methods of System-Neutral Grounding
4.3.3. Reactance Grounding
4.4. Equivalent-Circuit Representation of Grounding Systems
4.5. Touch and Step Voltages
4.6. Design Procedure
4.7. Basic Problem and Solutions
4.8. Grid Design
4.9. Typical Inspection
4.10. Earthing Electrodes
4.11. Grounding Verification Control System
4.12. Soil Measurements
4.12.1. The Soil Model
4.12.2. Soil Characteristics
4.12.3. Wenner Method
4.12.4. Driven Rod Technique
4.13. Resistance of Grounding Systems
4.14. Types of the Electrode Grounding System
4.14.1. Hemispherical Electrode Hidden in Globe
4.14.2. Two Hemispheres Inserted in Earth
4.14.3. Other Simple Grounding Systems
4.15. Measurement of Ground Electrode Resistance
4.15.1. Three Electrode Method
4.15.2. Show up of Potential Method
4.15.3. Theory of the Fall of Potential
4.15.4. Hemispherical Electrodes
4.15.4.1. General Case
4.15.5. Electrical Center Method
4.16. Grounding Application
4.16.1. Grid Resistance
4.16.2. Grounding Grid Analysis Using ATP Program
4.16.3. Problems
Chapter 5
High Impedance Fault
5.1. Characteristics of High Impedance Fault
5.2. HIF’s Detection
5.2.1. Feature Extraction
5.2.2. Pattern Recognition (Classification)
5.3. System Modeling
5.4. The Distribution Network Components
5.5. Source Model
5.6. Power Transformer Model
5.7. Line Model
5.8. Load Model
5.9. Shunt Capacitor Model
5.10. Nonlinear Load Model
5.11. Induction Motor Model
5.12. Fault Model
5.12.1. Symmetrical Fault Model
5.12.2. Line-to-Ground Fault Model
5.12.3. Line-to-Line Fault Model
5.13. Procedural Events Modeling and Techniques
5.14. The Fourier Transform
5.15. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
5.16. HIF Analysis with ANN
5.17. Training Structure
5.18. Events Occurrence and Models
5.18.1. Normal Load, Load Switching, and Induction Motor Starting
5.18.2. Nonlinear Load Application
5.18.3. Capacitor Switching
5.18.4. Fault Occurrence
5.19. Systems Models
5.19.1. Case1: The 3-Sections Test System
5.19.2. Case2: The 14-Sections Test System
5.19.3. Case 3 Test System
5.20. Events Models
5.20.1. Case1: HIF Model
5.20.2. The NLL Model
5.21.3. Induction Motor Starting
5.20.4. Capacitor Switching Model
5.20.5. LIF Model
5.21. Test Case 1 System
5.22. Test Case 2 System
5.23. Test Case 3 System
5.23.1. Normal State Analysis
5.23.1.1. Normal Load and Load Increase
5.23.1.2. Capacitor and IM Switching Results
5.23.1.3. Nonlinear Load Switching
5.23.2. High Impedance Fault Analysis
5.23.3. Low Impedance Fault Analysis
5.23.4. Problems
Chapter 6
Optimum Location of Distribution Generator
6.1. Optimization Techniques
6.1.1. Standard Particle Swarm Optimization Technique (PSO)
6.1.2. Accelerating Particle Swarm Optimization Technique (APSO)
6.2. Objective Function
6.3. Constraints
6.3.1. Equality Constraint
6.3.2. Inequality Constraint
6.4. IEEE Power Systems Configuration
6.5. Newton–Raphson Power Flow
6.6. Fast Decoupled Power Flow Solution
6.7. Modelling of Wind Power
6.7.1. Efficiency in Extracting Wind Power (Betz Limit & Power Coefficient)
6.7.2. Power Curve of Wind Turbine
6.7.3. Technical Specifications E-82 ENERCON Wind Energy Converters
6.8. Selection Particles of PSO and APSO
6.8.1. Procedures of the Standard PSO Algorithm
6.8.2. Procedures of the Accelerated PSO Algorithm
6.9. Optimum Location of DG
6.9.1. Three Bus IEEE Test System
6.9.2. The Nine Bus IEEE Test System
6.9.3. The 14 Bus IEEE Test System
6.9.4. The 24 Bus IEEE Test System
6.9.5. Example 6.1
6.9.6. Solution
6.9.7. Example 6.2
6.9.8. Problems
Chapter 7
Flexible AC Transmission Systems Devices
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Definitions of FACTs
7.3. Classification of FACTs Devices
7.3.1. Connection
7.4. Modelling of Power System
7.4.1. Transmission Line Modeling
7.5. Modeling of Power System with Types of FACTS
7.5.1. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
7.5.2. Modeling of Power System with UPFC
7.5.3. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
7.5.4. Modeling of Power System with SSSC
7.5.5. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
7.5.6. Modelling of Power System with TCSC
7.5.7. Static Var Compensator (SVC)
7.5.8. Modelling of Power System with SVC
7.5.9. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
7.5.10. Modeling of Power System with STATCOM
7.6. Power System Stability
7.6.1. Voltage Stability
7.6.2. Rotor Angle Stability
7.7. Concept of Critical Clearing Angle and the Critical Clearing Time
7.8. Concept of Enhancement of Transient Stability with FACTS
7.8.1. Problems
Chapter 8
Optimum Location of FACTs Devices and Transient Stability
8.1. FACTs Devices and Transient Stability
8.1.1. Voltage Stability Analysis
8.1.2. Rotor Angle Analysis
8.2. Fault Conditions
8.3. Test Systems
8.3.1. IEEE 3 Bus Bar
8.3.1.1. Case 1. Permanent Fault: (tf =1sec and tc=1.15sec)
8.3.1.2. Case 2: Temporary Fault: (tf=1sec., tc=1.15sec and tr=1.25sec.)
8.3.2. IEEE 9 Bus Bar
8.3+
q2.1. Case 1. Permanent Fault: (tf =1sec and tc=1.15sec)
8.3.3. IEEE 14 Bus Bar
8.3.3.1. Case 1. Permanent Fault: (tf =1sec and tc=1.15sec)
8.3.4. IEEE 24 Bus Bar
8.3.4.1. Case 1. Permanent Fault: (tf =1sec and tc=1.15sec)
8.3.5. Problems
Chapter 9
High Voltage DC Transmission Lines
9.1. Power Devise in HVDC
9.2. AC & DC Transmission
9.3. AC Transmission Line Design Consideration
9.3.1. Conductors
9.3.2. Insulators
9.3.3. Support Structures
9.3.4. Shield Wires
9.4. Factors Affecting Transmission Line
9.4.1. Electrical Factors
9.4.2. Mechanical Factors
9.4.3. Economic Factors
9.4.4. Extra High Voltage Transmission
9.5. DC Transmission Line Design Consideration
9.5.1. Tower
9.5.2. Insulation
9.6. DC Cables
9.6.1. Mass-Impregnated Cable
9.6.2. Oil-Filled Cable
9.7. Advantage and Drawback of DC Power High Voltage Transmission
9.7.1. Why the DC Power High Voltage Transmission
9.7.2. Advantage of DC Transmission
9.7.2.1. Technical Advantage
9.7.2.2. Economic Advantage
9.7.3. Disadvantage of HVDC
9.8. Main Types of HVDC Schemes
9.8.1. DC Circuit
9.8.2. Mono Polar Link
9.8.3. Bipolar Link
9.8.4 Back to Back Converter
9.9. Transmission by Submarine Cables
9.10. Multi-Terminal DC-Link
9.11. Construction of DC Power Stations
9.11.1. Converter Station Equipment
9.11.2. Mathematical Analysis in the Bridge Circuit
9.11.3. Complete Equivalent Circuit
9.11.4. Converter Transformer
9.11.5. DC Reactor
9.11.6. Harmonic Filters
9.11.7. Control Equipment
9.11.8. High-Speed DC Switches
9.11.8.1. HSNBS
9.11.8.2. HSGS
9.11.8.3. MRTB
9.11.8.4. GRTS
9.12. Generate DC Voltage Using a Rectifier
9.12.1. Example 9.1
9.12.2. Example 9.2
9.12.3. Solution
9.12.4. Problems
Chapter 10
Microgrid Power System
10.1. Structure of Electrical Power Systems
10.2. Energy Resources
10.3. Location of the Power Station
10.4. Electrical Power Generation
10.4.1. Thermal Power Station (Steam Power Station)
10.4.2. Hydro-Electric Power Station
10.4.2.1. The Economy of Conventional Power Stations
10.4.3. Nuclear Power Station
10.4.4. Diesel Power Station
10.4.5. GAS Turbine Power Plant
10.4.6. Solar Cell
10.4.6.1. Equivalent Circuit Model of Ideal and Practical Solar Cell
10.4.6.2. Performance Analysis
10.4.6.3. Series and Parallel Wiring
10.4.6.3.1. Example 10.1
10.4.6.3.2. Solution
10.4.6.3.3. Example 10.2
10.4.6.3.4. Example 10.3
10.4.6.3.5. Example 10.4
10.4.6.3.6. Example 10.5
10.4.6.4. Sizing of the Solar Array
10.4.6.5. Sizing of the Battery
10.4.6.6. Sizing of the Voltage Controller
10.4.6.7. Sizing of the Inverter
10.4.6.8. Sizing of the System Wiring
10.4.6.8.1. Example 10.6
10.4.7. Wind Power Generator
10.4.7.1. Design and Operating Characteristics of a DFIG Wind Turbine
10.4.7.2. DC Chopper
10.4.7.3. Crowbar
10.4.7.4. Alternating Torque
10.4.7.5. Influence of Grid Faults on Generator Speed
10.4.8. Problems
Chapter 11
Power System Security
11.1. A Cyber-Physical Power System
11.2. Intrusion Detection of Power System
11.3. Intrusion Detection Basics
11.4. Intrusion Technology
11.5. IDS Information Assurance Challenges
11.6. Purpose of IDS
11.7. The Influences of the Intrusion Detection System
11.8. Significance of IDS Study
11.9. Definition of Terms
11.10. Cyber Attacks
11.10.1. Definition of Cyber-Attacks
11.10.2. Issues and Impacts of Cyber-Attack of Power Systems
11.11. Classification of IDS
11.11.1. Knowledge-Based IDS and Behavior-Based IDS
11.11.2. Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) and Host Intrusion Detection System (HIDS)
11.11.3. Existing Challenges of IDS
11.12. Needs for Speed in IDS
11.13. Organizational Preparation for IDS
11.14. A Theoretical Perspective on IDS Challenges Studies
11.15. Recommendation for Detecting Intrusion
11.16. IDS Implementation
11.17. Concept of IDS
11.18. Attack Detection for Load Frequency Control
11.19. State-Space Model of the LFC System during Attack-Free Conditions
11.20. Intrusion Detection System for the Smart Grid
11.21. Decision Trees Background
11.21.1. Classification Problem Overview
11.21.2. Decision Trees Overview
11.22. Real-Time Intrusion Detection in Power System Operations
11.22.1. Problems
Appendices
Appendix A
A-1. Optimality Conditions
A-2. Sensitivity
A-3. Summary of Derivative Calculations
1. Calculation of Partial Derivatives of the Net Active and Reactive Power Injections
2. Calculation of the Partial Derivatives of the Active and Reactive Power Flow between Buses
3. Calculation of Partial Derivatives with Respect to Tap Setting Variables
Appendix B
IEEE System Data
3-Bus Test System Data
B.1 Bus Data
B.2 Line Data
B.3 Machines Data
B.4 Turbine Governor Data
B.5 Exciter System Data
9-Bus Test System Data
B.6 Bus Data
B.7 Line Data
B.8 Machines Data
B.9 Turbine Governor Data
B.10 Exciter System Data
Appendix (B): 14-Bus Test System Data
B.11 Bus Data
B.12 Line Data
B.13 Machines Data
B.14 Turbine Governor Data
B.15 Exciter System Data
Appendix (B): 24-Bus Test System Data
B.16 Bus Data
B.17 Line Data
B.18 Exciter System Data
B.19 Machines Data
B.20 Turbine Governor Data
Appendix C
Introduction to MATLAB®
C.1 MATLAB Basics
C.2. Using MATLAB to Plot
References
About the Authors
Index
Blank Page
Blank Page