Advanced Materials for Biomechanical Applications (Mathematical Engineering, Manufacturing, and Management Sciences)

✍ Scribed by Ashwani Kumar (editor), Mangey Ram (editor), Yogesh Kumar Singla (editor)

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 333
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides in-depth knowledge about cross rolling of biomedical alloys, cellulose, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, magnesium-based nanocomposites, titanium, titanium alloys, stainless steel, and improved biodegradable implants materials for biomechanical applications like joint replacements, bone plates, bone cement, artificial ligaments and tendons, dental implants for tooth fixation, and hip implants.

It comprehensively covers advancements in materials including graphene-reinforced magnesium metal matrix, magnesium and its alloys, and 2D nanomaterials. The text discusses important topics including advanced materials for biomechanical applications, design, and analysis of stainless steel 316L for femur bone fracture healing, design and manufacturing of prosthetic dental implants, a biomechanical study of a low-cost prosthetic leg, and an energy harvesting mechanism for walking applications.

The text will serve as a useful text for graduate students, academic researchers, and general practitioners in areas including materials science, manufacturing engineering, mechanical engineering, and biomechanical engineering.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Aim and Scope
Preface
Editors
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Chapter 1 Bio-Mechanical Engineering and Health
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Artificial Organs and Prostheses
1.2.1 Bone/Joint Replacement
1.2.2 Prostheses
1.2.3 Soft Tissue/Skin Replacement
1.2.4 Internal Organs
1.2.5 Sensory Organs
1.3 Monitoring, Controls, and Health Care
1.4 Bio-mechanics
1.5 Materials
1.5.1 Toxic and Allergic Behavior
1.5.2 Surface Roughness, Hardness, and Stiffness
1.5.3 Possibility of Corrosion
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Introduction to Cross Rolling of Biomedical Alloys
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cross Rolling
2.3 Property Requisites and Testing Methods for Biomedical Materials
2.3.1 Property Requisites for Biomedical Materials
2.3.2 Testing Methods to Study the Properties of Biomedical Materials
2.3.2.1 Microstructural and Textural Characterisation
2.3.2.2 Mechanical Characterisation
2.3.2.3 Corrosion Characteristics
2.4 Cross Rolling of Biomedical Alloys
2.4.1 Microstructural and Textural Characterisation
2.4.2 Mechanical Characterisation Investigations
2.4.3 Corrosion Characterisation Investigations
2.5 Summary
2.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 3 Additive Manufacturing and Characterisation of Biomedical Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of Biomaterials
3.3 Classification of Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Biomaterial Fabrication
3.4 Metallic Biomaterials
3.5 Bioceramics
3.6 Biopolymers and Co-polymers
3.7 Characterisation of Biomaterials
3.7.1 Structural and Chemical Characterisation
3.7.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.7.1.2 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
3.7.1.3 Raman Spectroscopy
3.7.1.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
3.7.1.5 Ultraviolet (UV)-Vis Spectroscopy
3.7.1.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
3.7.1.7 Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP)
3.7.1.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.7.1.9 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.7.1.10 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
3.7.2 In-Vitro Characterisation
3.7.2.1 Cytotoxicity Testing
3.7.2.2 Haemocompatibility Testing
3.7.2.3 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Testing
3.7.2.4 Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
3.7.3 In-vivo Characterisation
3.7.3.1 Sensitisation, Irritation and Toxicity Tests
3.7.3.2 Implantation Testing
3.7.3.3 Biodegradation Test
3.8 Summary and Future Outlooks: From the Authors’ Viewpoint
References
Chapter 4 Cellulose – A Sustainable Material for Biomedical Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Cellulosic Materials
4.2.1 Bacterial Cellulose
4.2.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals
4.2.3 Cellulose Nanofibrils
4.2.4 Cellulose Derivatives
4.3 Biomedical Application
4.3.1 Drug Delivery System
4.3.2 Wound Dressing Material
4.3.3 Tissue Engineering Scaffold
4.3.4 Wearable Sensor
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synthesis of IONPs
5.2.1 Coprecipitation
5.2.2 Thermal Decomposition
5.2.3 Microemulsion
5.2.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Treatment
5.2.5 Aerosol/Vapor Technology
5.3 Special Features of IONPs
5.3.1 Superparamagnetism
5.3.2 Self-Assembly
5.3.3 Cytotoxic Behavior and Antibacterial Activity
5.4 Surface Functionalization of IONPs
5.4.1 Based on the Magnetic Behavior of a Surface-Functionalizing Material
5.4.1.1 Magnetically Inert
5.4.1.2 Magnetically Active
5.4.2 Based on the Nature of a Surface-Functionalizing Material
5.4.2.1 Polymeric Materials
5.4.2.2 Non-polymeric Materials
5.5 IONPs as a Biomedical Device
5.6 IONPs in Biomedical Applications
5.6.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
5.6.2 Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
5.6.3 In-Vitro Bioseparation
5.6.4 Targeted In-Vivo Drug Delivery
5.6.5 Hyperthermia
5.7 Conclusions and Future Perspective
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Magnesium Alloys Used in Biomedical Applications
6.2.1 Magnesium Zinc (Mg–Zn) Alloy
6.2.2 Magnesium Calcium (Mg–Ca) Alloy
6.2.3 Magnesium Strontium (Mg–Sr) Alloy
6.2.4 Magnesium Silicon (Mg–Si) Alloys
6.2.5 Magnesium Rare-Earth Alloys
6.3 Fabrication Techniques of Mg Used in Biomedical Applications
6.3.1 Equal Channel Angular Extrusion
6.3.2 Powder Metallurgy
6.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Powder Metallurgy
6.3.4 Dual-Stage Sintering-Assisted Powder Metallurgy
6.3.5 Additive Manufacturing
6.3.6 Friction Stir Process
6.3.7 Spark Plasma-Assisted Powder Metallurgy Sintering
6.3.8 Accumulative Roll Bonding Process
6.4 Characterization of Mg Alloys
6.4.1 Surface Characterization
6.4.2 MAF Treatment
6.4.3 Electrochemical Corrosion Test
6.4.4 Immersion Corrosion Test
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Magnesium Alloy for Biomedical Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Need of Coating on Magnesium Alloys
7.1.2 Coating Techniques
7.1.2.1 Dry Coating Methods
7.1.2.2 Wet Coating Techniques
7.2 Methodology
7.2.1 Mechanism of the MAO Process
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.1 Electrolyte
7.3.2 Frequency
7.3.3 Temperature of Electrolyte
7.3.4 Current Density
7.3.5 Duty Cycle
7.3.6 Mg Alloys Corrosion Performance
7.3.6.1 Electrolyte
7.3.6.2 Electrical Parameters
7.3.6.3 Oxidation Time
7.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Investigation of Titanium Lattice Structures for Biomedical Implants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 9 Cost Estimation of Polymer Material for Biomedical Application
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and Methods
9.2.1 3D CAD Model
9.2.2 Slicing and Effect of Process Parameters
9.2.3 Design of Experiments
9.2.4 Experimental Works
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Analyzing the Stress Distribution
9.3.2 Stress–Strain Curve
9.3.3 Cost Estimation of the Liner Component
9.3.4 Comparative Study
9.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Nanostructured Biomaterials for Load-Bearing Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nanostructured Biomaterials
10.2.1 Metallic Biomaterials
10.2.2 Ceramic Biomaterials
10.2.3 Polymeric Biomaterials
10.2.4 Composite Biomaterials
10.3 Nanostructuring Using Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) Techniques
10.3.1 Various Severe Plastic Deformation Techniques
10.3.1.1 Equal Channel Angular Press Technique
10.3.1.2 High-Pressure Torsion (HPT) Technique
10.3.1.3 Hydrostatic Extrusion (HE)
10.3.1.4 Twist Extrusion (TE)
10.3.1.5 Friction Stir Processing
10.3.1.6 Accumulative Roll Bonding Process
10.3.1.7 Constrained Groove Pressing
10.3.1.8 Ball Milling (BM)
10.3.1.9 Severe Shot Peening (SSP)
10.4 Applications of Nanostructured Biomaterials
10.4.1 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
10.4.2 Drug Delivery
10.4.3 Antibacterial Applications
10.4.4 Load-Bearing Applications
10.4.5 Other Applications of Nanomaterials
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Improved Biodegradable Implant Materials for Orthopedic Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biodegradable Metallic Implants
11.2.1 Iron-Based Implants
11.2.2 Zinc-Based Implants
11.2.3 Magnesium-Based Implants
11.2.3.1 Fabrication of Magnesium Matrix Composite by Stir Casting
11.2.3.2 Fabrication of Magnesium Matrix Composite by Powder Metallurgy
11.2.3.3 Friction Stir Processing (FSP)
11.3 Polymer-Based Implants
11.4 Ceramic-Based Implants
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Fracture Performance Evaluation of Additively Manufactured Titanium Alloy
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Extended Finite Element Method Formulation
12.2.1 Impact Toughness as a Crack Growth Criterion
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Tension Test Simulation
12.3.2 Crack Growth Simulation
12.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Design of a Low-Cost Prosthetic Leg Using Magnetorheological Fluid
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Magnetorheological Fluids
13.1.2 Working of an MR Damper
13.1.3 Twin-Tube MR Damper
13.1.4 Application of MR Damper in the Biomedical Field
13.2 Design and Analysis
13.2.1 Designing the Prosthetic Leg
13.2.1.1 Inputs for Simulation
13.2.1.2 Outputs of the Simulation
13.3 Analytical Model of the Human Leg
13.4 Calculation of Damping Force
13.5 Damping Force Analysis of MR Damper
13.5.1 CFD on Twin-Tube MR Damper
13.5.2 Magnetic Analysis of MR Damper
13.6 Summary
References
Chapter 14 FEA of Humerus Bone Fracture and Healing
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Research Methodology
14.3 Modeling and Boundary Conditions
14.4 FEA Results
14.5 Cup Radius Variation
14.6 Fracture Analysis of Humerus Bone
14.7 Static Structural Analysis
14.8 Supporting Plate and Screw Design
14.8.1 Assembly of Humerus Bone and Supporting Plate with Screw
14.8.2 Material Properties of Supporting Plate and Screw
14.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 Design of Energy Harvesting Mechanism for Walking Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Electromechanical Equations of Cantilever Beam-Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters
15.1.2 Perturbation Analysis
15.1.3 Finite Element Modeling
15.2 Modeling of Energy Harvester
15.2.1 Designing the Rough Model
15.2.2 Static Analysis on Crank and Connecting ROD
15.2.3 Kinematic Analysis on the Slider-Crank Mechanism
15.2.4 Dynamic Analysis on the Slider-Crank Mechanism
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 Variation of Torque with Crank Angle
15.3.2 Time Domain Representation of Generated Voltage
15.3.3 Variation of Power with Frequency of Excitation
15.3.4 Voltage–Time Response of the System when Just Tapping the Top Edge of the Beam
15.3.5 Effect of Beam Material on Induced Voltage in a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
15.4 Development of Control Strategies
15.4.1 Choice of Control Strategies
15.4.2 Development and Tuning of PID Using MATLAB
15.5 Conclusion
References
Index