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A study out of the Harvard School of Public Health suggests that smokers are twice as likely as non-smokers to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although the association is not new, this study of over 6,000 pairs of male twins suggests the link is strong. The researchers found that while about 63% of the overlap between PTSD and nicotine dependence was genetic, those with preexisting nicotine dependence who were then exposed to trauma were twice as likely to develop PTSD, compared with traumatized non-smokers.
According to lead researcher Karestan Koenen, "Nicotine stimulates some of the same neurobiological pathways -the dopaminergic pathway associated with reward and fear -implicated in stress and addiction. Smoking may sensitize these pathways, so a subsequent severe stressor is more likely to give someone PTSD." The study further suggests that individuals exposed to trauma of any kind are more likely to take up smoking, with or without PTSD. It remains unclear whether quitting smoking reduces the risk of PTSD. [
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*Desire, lust, and passion all wrapped in the most consuming need.* One night of passion, desire, and being completely dominated, was all it took for Sebastian Matvei to become my newest addiction. He fulfilled my darkest cravings, satisfying me unlike any other man before him. I was