<p>The genesis of this project is a direct result of the fact that there is no substantive textbook that addresses the full-spectrum of surgical emergencies. Even in a ?eld in which there is a plethora of excellent textbooks on a variety of surgical topics (including trauma), there is no one referen
Acute Care Surgery: Principles and Practice
โ Scribed by L.D. Britt, Donald D. Trunkey, David V. Feliciano
- Year
- 2007
- Tongue
- English
- Leaves
- 852
- Edition
- 1
- Category
- Library
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
โฆ Synopsis
This book comprehensively presents the full spectrum of surgical emergencies. These include trauma and non-traumatic acute surgical diseases of the abdominal, pelvic, and cardiothoracic organs as well as the extremities, skin and soft tissue, and head and neck. Management of surgical infections is also discussed. This is the ideal reference text for surgical trainees as well as practicing surgeons. Authoritative, comprehensive, and user-friendly, the text features over 40 chapters complete with case studies as well as question and answer commentaries. The text is augmented by more than 500 tables and illustrations.
โฆ Table of Contents
Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page
......Page 3
ISBN 0387344705......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
A Tribute......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 12
Part I General Principles......Page 21
Triage......Page 23
Airway and Breathing......Page 24
Circulation......Page 27
Fluid Resuscitation......Page 28
Transfusion......Page 29
Bladder Pressure (Abdominal Compartment Syndrome)
......Page 30
Base Deficit......Page 31
Hypovolemic and Hemorrhagic Shock......Page 32
Traumatic Shock......Page 33
Vasodilatory Shock......Page 34
Acute Abdominal Pain......Page 35
References......Page 37
Location Within the Hospital......Page 44
Temperature and Humidity Control......Page 45
Interfacing with Real-Time Clinical Information
......Page 46
Administrative Zone......Page 47
Storage Zone......Page 48
References......Page 49
Prioritizing......Page 50
Preoperative Management......Page 51
Intraoperative Management......Page 53
Intracranial Emergencies......Page 54
Neck Injury and Unstable Spine......Page 56
Acute Abdomen......Page 57
Necrotizing Fasciitis, Soft Tissue Wounds, and Burns
......Page 58
Orthopedic Emergencies......Page 59
Pediatric Emergencies......Page 60
References......Page 61
4 Fundamental Operative Approaches in Acute Care Surgery
......Page 63
Emergent Airway......Page 65
Damage Control......Page 67
Resuscitative Thoracotomy......Page 68
Left Book Thoracotomy......Page 69
Great Vessels......Page 70
Pulmonary Hilum......Page 71
Abdomen......Page 72
Incision......Page 73
Esophagus......Page 74
Pancreas and Duodenum......Page 75
Liver......Page 77
Pelvis......Page 78
Liver......Page 79
Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 80
Exposure......Page 81
Lower Extremity......Page 82
Fasciotomy......Page 83
Damage Control......Page 84
References......Page 86
A Perspective on Stress and Response......Page 87
Relevant History......Page 88
Specific Signs and Symptoms......Page 89
Actions in the Operating Room......Page 90
The Hand-Off......Page 91
The Third Phase of the Stress Response......Page 92
Cardiac Monitoring and Care......Page 94
Pulmonary Monitoring and Care......Page 96
Renal Monitoring and Care......Page 97
Gastrointestinal Monitoring and Care......Page 98
Endocrine Monitoring and Care......Page 99
Sustained and Chronic Critical Illness......Page 100
References......Page 101
Pharmacological Circulatory Support:Vasopressin
......Page 104
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation......Page 105
Ventricular Assist Devices......Page 107
Bridge to Transplantation......Page 108
References......Page 109
Metabolism, Nutrition, and Infection......Page 111
Goals of Nutritional Support......Page 113
Nutritional Support:Who, How Much, and What
......Page 114
Nutritional Support: Route and Timing......Page 117
Nutrient Pharmacology......Page 120
Anabolic Agents......Page 121
References......Page 123
Rationale......Page 126
Preparation of the Unit and Staff......Page 127
A Culture of Safety and Accountability......Page 128
Infection Control......Page 130
Bedside Neurologic Surgery......Page 131
The Cervicothoracic Interface: Tracheostomy
......Page 132
Bedside Thoracic Surgery......Page 134
Paracentesis......Page 135
Enteral Feeding Access......Page 136
Other Uses of Bedside Endoscopy......Page 137
Bedside Extremity Surgery......Page 138
Lower Extremity Compartment Pressure Measurement, Bedside Fasciotomy, and Escharotomy
......Page 139
Bedside Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement......Page 140
References......Page 141
Epidemiology......Page 145
Local Effects......Page 147
Systemic Response......Page 148
Resuscitation Priorities......Page 150
Fluid Administration......Page 151
Pathophysiology......Page 154
Asphyxiants......Page 155
Airway Management......Page 156
Pain Control......Page 157
Gastrointestinal Responses and Complications......Page 158
Topical Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 159
Burn Wound Excision and Grafting......Page 162
Skin Substitutes......Page 165
Chemical Injuries......Page 166
Cold Injuries......Page 167
Radiation Injury......Page 168
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis......Page 169
Mechanical Injury......Page 170
Nutritional Support......Page 171
Complications......Page 172
Transportation and Transfer......Page 173
References......Page 175
Pathophysiology and Manifestations......Page 181
Acute Care......Page 182
Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 183
Early Management......Page 184
References......Page 185
11 Soft Tissue Infections
......Page 186
Microbiology......Page 187
Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 189
Clinical Management......Page 190
Critical Care Management......Page 191
Wound Care......Page 192
References......Page 193
Indications for Leaving the Abdomen Open
......Page 196
Temporary Wound Management Techniques for the Open Abdomen
......Page 197
Timing of Reconstruction and Subsequent Laparotomies
......Page 201
Additional Techniques......Page 202
Component Separation......Page 203
References......Page 204
Normal Physiologic Changes Associated with Aging
......Page 207
Clinical Presentation of Elderly Patients
......Page 208
Perioperative Management of the Elderly
......Page 209
Acute Care Surgery: Specific Considerations
......Page 210
References......Page 211
Defining Rurality and the Rural Surgeon
......Page 214
Prehospital Care, Stabilization, and Transportation
......Page 215
Early Management of the Surgical Emergency
......Page 216
Crucial Colleagues......Page 217
Endoscopy......Page 218
Conclusion......Page 219
References......Page 220
Personnel......Page 222
Communications......Page 223
Indirect Medical Control (Off Line)......Page 224
Cavitation......Page 225
Frontal......Page 226
Motorcycle Collisions......Page 231
Energy......Page 232
Anatomy......Page 233
Initial Patient Assessment......Page 234
Primary Survey......Page 235
A: Airway......Page 236
B: Breathing and Ventilation......Page 237
Resuscitation......Page 238
Energy Production......Page 240
Bernoulli Principle......Page 241
Mechanical......Page 242
Double Lumen Airway......Page 243
Field Clearance of the Cervical Spine......Page 244
Backboard......Page 245
Musculoskeletal Trauma......Page 246
References......Page 247
16 Disaster and Mass Casualty Management
......Page 249
Nature of Injuries......Page 250
Initial Response and Reorganization......Page 251
Search And Rescue......Page 252
Initial Phase......Page 253
Record Keeping......Page 254
Triage Categories......Page 255
Triage Accuracy......Page 256
Triage Decisions......Page 257
Command......Page 258
Biological Agents......Page 259
Chemical Agents......Page 260
Nuclear/Radiologic Agents......Page 261
Blast Physics and Pathophysiology......Page 262
Patterns of Injury, Mortality, and Severity......Page 263
Disaster Planning and Reporting......Page 264
References......Page 266
Basic Principles of Injury Prevention and Control
......Page 269
Motor Vehicle Crashes......Page 270
Pedestrian Injuries......Page 271
Nontraffic Injuries in Children......Page 272
Falls by the Elderly......Page 273
Burns......Page 274
Suicide......Page 275
Intimate Partner Violence......Page 276
Youth Violence......Page 277
Alcohol and Injury......Page 278
Program Evaluation......Page 279
References......Page 280
18 Education: Surgical Simulation in Acute Care Surgery
......Page 283
Classifications of Simulators/Simulations
......Page 284
Education Objectives......Page 285
Principles of Simulation Education......Page 286
Validity of Simulation......Page 287
Simulations in Surgery and Traumatology
......Page 288
ATOM: An Example of Simulation Education
......Page 291
References......Page 293
Part II Organ-Based Approach......Page 295
Chief Complaint......Page 297
Symmetry......Page 298
Neck......Page 299
Nasopharynx......Page 300
Diagnosis......Page 301
Anatomy......Page 303
Swallowing......Page 304
Complaints......Page 305
Vasculature......Page 306
Complaints......Page 307
Infection/Inflammation......Page 308
Foreign Body......Page 309
Operative Findings......Page 310
Conclusions......Page 311
Discussion......Page 312
Discussion......Page 313
Indications......Page 314
Conclusions......Page 315
Conclusions......Page 316
Airway......Page 317
Assessment......Page 318
Technique......Page 319
Endotracheal Tube......Page 320
Carotid (Blow) Catastrophe......Page 321
Packing......Page 322
Carotid Sheath......Page 323
References......Page 324
Acute Supraglottitis......Page 325
Croup......Page 326
Retropharyngeal Abscess......Page 328
Lateral Pharyngeal Abscess......Page 329
Facial Fracture......Page 330
Neck Trauma......Page 331
Laryngeal Trauma......Page 332
References......Page 333
Anatomic Considerations......Page 334
Plain Films......Page 335
Esophagography......Page 336
Selective Management or Routine Exploration of Penetrating Neck Injuries
......Page 337
Selective Operative Management of Documented Pharyngoesophageal Trauma
......Page 338
Operative Therapy......Page 339
Esophageal Perforation......Page 340
Assessment......Page 341
Treatment......Page 342
Caustic Ingestion......Page 343
Presentation......Page 344
Endoscopic Treatment......Page 345
Definitive Treatment......Page 346
Esophageal Hemorrhage......Page 347
References......Page 348
An Approach to Neurologic Emergencies
......Page 352
Age of Patient......Page 353
Primary Survey: Immediate Actions......Page 354
Imaging......Page 355
Subdural Hematoma......Page 356
Management of Blunt Head Injuries......Page 357
Penetrating Head Injuries......Page 358
Management of Spinal Fractures......Page 359
Peripheral Nerve Injury......Page 360
Hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular Accidents......Page 361
Ischemic Cerebrovascular Accidents......Page 362
Infection......Page 363
Shunt Malfunction......Page 364
References......Page 365
23 Chest Wall
......Page 368
Biomechanics......Page 369
Injury Prevention......Page 370
Rib Fractures......Page 371
Flail Chest......Page 372
Rib Fracture and Flail Chest Repair......Page 373
Sternal Fractures......Page 374
Fractures of the Clavicle and Shoulder......Page 375
Pain Management......Page 376
References......Page 378
Airway......Page 382
Tracheobronchial Injury......Page 383
Parenchymal Injury......Page 385
Retained Hemothorax......Page 387
Diagnosis......Page 388
Persistent Air Leak......Page 390
Empyema......Page 391
Necrotizing Pneumonia......Page 393
Lung Gangrene......Page 394
Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis......Page 395
Management......Page 396
Second-Look Operations......Page 397
Diagnosis......Page 398
Initial Management......Page 399
Subsequent Treatment......Page 400
Surgical Versus Medical Therapy for Massive Hemoptysis
......Page 401
Operative Repair......Page 402
Management......Page 403
Treatment......Page 404
References......Page 405
Penetrating Cardiac Injury......Page 409
Diagnosis......Page 410
Cardiac Tamponade......Page 411
Coronary Injuries......Page 412
Factors Affecting Prognosis......Page 413
Blunt Cardiac Injury......Page 414
Myocardial Contusion......Page 415
Follow-Up for Blunt Cardiac Injury......Page 416
Transmediastinal Gunshot Wounds......Page 417
References......Page 418
Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 420
Diagnostic Studies......Page 421
Management......Page 423
Operative Technique......Page 424
History and Incidence......Page 426
Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 427
Diagnostic Studies......Page 428
Classification and Management Decisions......Page 429
Operative Technique for Type A Dissection......Page 431
Technique for Type B Dissection......Page 433
Outcomes and Complications......Page 434
References......Page 435
Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations
......Page 440
Mechanism......Page 441
Diagnosis......Page 442
Treatment......Page 443
Radiographs......Page 445
Laparoscopy......Page 446
Minimally Invasive Approach......Page 447
Mortality......Page 448
Surgical Emergencies Related to Hiatal Hernia
......Page 449
Hiatal Hernia Ulcer Perforation......Page 450
Acute Gastric Volvulus......Page 451
References......Page 452
Anatomy......Page 455
Evaluation of Abdominal Wall......Page 456
Groin Hernias......Page 457
Ventral Hernias......Page 459
Parastomal Hernias......Page 460
Abdominal Wall Trauma......Page 461
Definition......Page 462
Skin Closure......Page 463
The Decision to Close Fascia and Subsequent Management of the Open Abdomen
......Page 465
The Planned Ventral Hernia......Page 467
References......Page 468
Foregut Symptoms......Page 470
Evaluation......Page 471
Obstruction......Page 472
Endoscopic Examinations......Page 473
Hypopharyngeal Diverticulum (Zenkerโs Diverticulum)
......Page 474
Hiatus Hernia......Page 475
Transdiaphragmatic Approach to the Distal Esophagus
......Page 476
Peptic Stricture of the Esophagus......Page 477
Gastric Resection Versus Pyloroplasty? Open Surgery Versus Laparoscopic Exploration?
......Page 478
Internal Hernia......Page 481
Esophagus......Page 482
Gastric and Duodenal Perforation......Page 483
Sentinel Bleeding......Page 484
Endoscopic Examination......Page 485
Type I Gastric Ulcer......Page 486
Duodenal and Pyloric Channel Ulcers......Page 487
References......Page 489
Diagnosis......Page 491
Treatment......Page 492
Diagnosis......Page 493
Diagnosis......Page 494
Treatment......Page 495
Treatment......Page 496
References......Page 497
Anatomy......Page 499
Technology......Page 500
Hepatic Pyogenic Abscess......Page 501
Cholangitis......Page 502
Cholecystitis......Page 504
Biliary Obstruction......Page 505
Gallstone Ileus......Page 506
Neoplasms......Page 507
Tumor Rupture......Page 508
Abscess......Page 509
Biliary Obstruction......Page 510
Portal Hypertension......Page 511
References......Page 512
Pertinent Anatomy for Trauma Surgeons
......Page 517
Anatomic Location of Injury......Page 519
Associated Injuries......Page 520
Intraoperative Adjunct Techniques......Page 522
Principles of Injury Management......Page 523
Pancreaticoduodenal Injuries......Page 524
Mortality......Page 526
Morbidity......Page 527
Pancreatic Emergencies (Nontrauma)*......Page 528
References......Page 529
33 Spleen
......Page 533
Clinical Anatomy......Page 534
Indication for Operative Intervention......Page 535
General......Page 536
Operative Approach......Page 537
Management Options of Specific Injuries......Page 538
References......Page 541
34 Intraabdominal Vasculature
......Page 544
Anatomy and Pathophysiology......Page 545
Surgical Management......Page 546
Endovascular Management......Page 547
Ischemia Associated with Aortic Dissection......Page 548
Acute Aortic Occlusion......Page 550
Other Acute Arterial Occlusions......Page 551
Acute Venous Occlusions......Page 552
Acute Renal Vein Thrombosis......Page 553
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 554
The Preoperative Phase......Page 555
The Operation......Page 556
Ruptured Visceral or Renal Artery Aneurysm......Page 557
Diagnosis and Evaluation......Page 558
Operative Management......Page 559
Iliac Vessel Injuries......Page 560
Renovascular Injuries......Page 561
References......Page 562
Abscess......Page 569
Hemorrhoids......Page 570
Rectal Procedentia (Rectal Prolapse)......Page 571
Neoplastic Disease......Page 572
Diverticular Disease......Page 573
Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 575
Colonic Volvulus......Page 577
Ischemic Colitis......Page 578
References......Page 579
Management
......Page 581
Definition......Page 582
Management......Page 583
Management......Page 584
Diagnosis......Page 585
Treatment......Page 586
Clinical Presentation......Page 587
Definition......Page 588
Management......Page 589
Diagnosis......Page 590
Management......Page 591
Management......Page 592
Clinical Presentation......Page 593
Management......Page 594
Presentation and Evaluation......Page 595
Management and Prognosis......Page 596
Presentation......Page 597
Management......Page 598
Management and Prognosis......Page 600
Circumcision Complications......Page 601
Diagnosis......Page 602
Management......Page 604
References......Page 605
Anatomy of the Pelvic Ring......Page 609
Lateral-Compression Force......Page 610
Lateral Compression......Page 611
Vertical Shear......Page 612
Tile C......Page 613
Radiographic Evaluation......Page 614
Hemodynamic Status and Emergent Stabilization
......Page 616
References......Page 620
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections......Page 622
The Nontraumatic Ischemic Extremity......Page 623
Compartment Syndrome......Page 624
Hip......Page 626
Femoral Neck Fractures in the Young......Page 627
Vascular Injury......Page 628
Femoral Artery Injuries......Page 629
Open Fractures and Open Joints......Page 630
References......Page 631
Treatment Planning......Page 635
Anesthesia......Page 636
Dressings and Splints......Page 637
Neurovascular Examination......Page 638
Musculoskeletal Examination......Page 639
Special Investigations......Page 641
Fingertip and Nailbed Injuries......Page 642
Open Soft Tissue Injuries and Complex Wounds
......Page 646
Replantations and Amputations of the Upper Extremity
......Page 651
Operative Procedure for Replantation......Page 652
Flexor Tendons......Page 653
Extensor Tendons......Page 655
Nerve Injuries......Page 657
Fractures and Dislocations......Page 658
Humeral Shaft Fractures......Page 659
Distal Radius Fractures......Page 660
Metacarpal Fractures......Page 661
Carpal Dislocations......Page 662
Dislocations Involving the Hand......Page 663
Vascular Emergencies......Page 664
High-Pressure Injuries......Page 665
Extravasation Injuries......Page 666
Compartment Syndrome......Page 667
Routes of Infection and Infecting Organisms......Page 669
Anatomy of Hand Infections......Page 670
Infections at Intermediate Depths......Page 671
Necrotizing Fasciitis......Page 672
References......Page 673
Diagnosis......Page 676
Diagnosis......Page 677
Occlusion or Infection of an Angioaccess Graft
......Page 678
Diagnosis......Page 679
Treatment......Page 680
Diagnosis......Page 683
Lower Extremity......Page 684
Treatment......Page 685
Treatment......Page 686
Treatment......Page 688
Diagnosis......Page 689
Treatment......Page 690
Treatment......Page 691
Treatment......Page 692
References......Page 693
Part III Administration, Ethics, and Law......Page 695
Understanding the Basics for Hospitals: Obligation to Examine, Treat, and Stabilize
......Page 697
Physician Obligations Under EMTALA
......Page 698
Scheduling Elective Surgery While On-Call......Page 699
EMTALA Technical Advisory Group......Page 700
Suggestions from the Surgical Community for Solidifying the Safety Net over the Next Decade
......Page 701
References......Page 702
What Constitutes a Medical Emergency......Page 703
The Unconscious Patient......Page 704
Minors......Page 705
Patientโs Refusal to Consent......Page 706
References......Page 707
Legal Foundation......Page 709
The Patient Self-Determination Act......Page 710
Living Wills......Page 712
Durable Health Care Power of Attorney......Page 713
Advance Directives: Unfulfilled Potential
......Page 715
Advance Directives: Relevance to the Acute Care Surgeon
......Page 716
Recommendations......Page 717
References......Page 718
Defining the Problem......Page 721
The Problem with Futility......Page 722
Communication Is the Key......Page 723
End-of-Life Care......Page 724
Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment
......Page 725
The Determination of Brain Death......Page 726
Cardiovascular System Issues......Page 728
AcidโBase Balance Issues......Page 730
Temperature Regulation Issues......Page 731
References......Page 732
Defining the Problem......Page 735
Special Problems of Acute Care Surgery......Page 736
Philosophical Principles......Page 737
Justice......Page 738
Legal Principles......Page 739
Regulatory Law......Page 740
The โClinical Ethicsโ System......Page 741
General Concepts......Page 742
Using Newly Deceased Patients for Teaching Purposes
......Page 743
Conflict of Interest: Industry and Drug Money......Page 744
General Concepts......Page 745
Telling the Truth/Disclosing Errors......Page 746
General Principles......Page 747
Problems......Page 748
Futility and Withholding Treatment......Page 749
Palliative Care......Page 751
Organ Donation......Page 752
General Concepts......Page 753
Hastening Death......Page 754
Know Your Intent......Page 755
References......Page 759
Part IV System and Curriculum Development......Page 761
Regionalization: A Concept for Optimal Care
......Page 763
Leadership and System Development......Page 765
Public Information and Prevention......Page 766
Definitive Care......Page 767
Evaluation......Page 768
References......Page 770
47 Acute Care Surgery: A Proposed Curriculum......Page 772
The Acute Care Surgery/Trauma Paradigm......Page 774
The Surgical Intensive Care Unit and the Intensive Care Unit Team/Bedside Surgery
......Page 776
Aeromedical Transport......Page 777
The House Staff Team......Page 778
Social Worker......Page 779
The Need for an Emergency General Surgery Service Designation
......Page 780
References......Page 781
Part V The International Communities......Page 785
49 Acute Care Surgery: United Kingdom
......Page 787
On-Call Surgical Team......Page 788
Blood Tests......Page 789
Acute Diverticulitis......Page 790
Future Provision of Emergency General Surgical Services in the United Kingdom
......Page 791
Organ Retrieval from Cadaveric Donors......Page 792
Controlled Non-Heart-Beating Donation......Page 793
Surgical Emergencies in Organ Transplant Recipients
......Page 794
Proposals......Page 795
Medical and Nursing Staff......Page 796
Patient Transport with Local Medical Support......Page 797
Emergencies That Might Become Life Threatening if Not Managed with Expeditious Surgical Intervention
......Page 798
A Historical Perspective......Page 799
The Future......Page 800
The Emergency Department (Acute Care Facility) of the Future
......Page 801
References......Page 802
Geography and Demography......Page 806
Distribution and Provision of Surgical Services
......Page 807
Prehospital Care......Page 808
Designation of Hospitals to Receive Trauma Patients
......Page 809
Triage, Transfer, and Retrieval Services......Page 810
Surgical Training in Australia......Page 811
Outreach Services......Page 812
The Use of Information Technology in Providing Surgical Services
......Page 813
Challenges to Trauma and Acute Care Surgery in the Developing World
......Page 814
References......Page 815
Malnutrition......Page 816
Schistosomiasis......Page 817
Ascariasis......Page 818
Acute Care Surgery in Japan......Page 819
Anisakiasis......Page 820
Fulminant Hepatic Failure......Page 821
Regenerative Medicine......Page 823
References......Page 825
A......Page 829
B......Page 831
C......Page 832
D......Page 835
E......Page 836
F......Page 837
G......Page 838
H......Page 839
I......Page 841
L......Page 842
M......Page 843
N......Page 844
P......Page 845
R......Page 847
S......Page 848
T......Page 850
V......Page 851
Z......Page 852
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