β Scribed by Shaw, Mary
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
Ultra Large Scale (ULS) systems are complex software-intensive systems that are deeply embedded in a business and social context with many and diverse stakeholders. They are qualitatively more complex and challenging than software-intensive systems or even "systems of systems". ULSs, like other complex systems, are large along many dimensions, but the special character of "ultra-large scale" systems arises from their decentralized operation and control, their conflicting and even unknowable requirements, their continuous evolution requiring integration of heterogeneous and inconsistent elements, the indistinct boundary between the system and its users, and their consequent need for new forms of governance. The capability of a ULS arises not solely from the software and hardware of the system, but from the things that stakeholders with different objectives do with and to the system.
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