Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Technology
2.1 Vacuum
2.1.1 Pumping Technologies for the UHV
2.1.2 Pumping Systems and Vacuum Vessels
2.2 Accelerators
2.2.1 Direct-Current Driven
2.2.2 Alternating-Current Driven
2.2.3 Laser and Plasma
2.2.4 Electric and Spatial Efficiency of Accelerators
2.3 Ion- and Electron Beam Optics
2.3.1 Emittance and Betatron Function
2.3.2 Beam Optical Elements
2.3.3 Diagnostic Elements
2.4 Electron and Ion Sources
2.5 Charged and Neutral Particle Detectors
2.6 Targets
2.7 Radiation Protection
2.7.1 Hazards for Man (and Machine)
2.7.2 Avoidance Strategies in Plant Conception
2.7.3 Shielding
References
3 Interaction of Particle Beams and Matter
3.1 Absorption and Reactions of Photons
3.2 Range and Stopping of Charged Particles
3.3 Nuclear Reactions
3.3.1 Cross-Sections
3.3.2 Kinematics
3.4 Depth- and Stopping Dependent Reactions
3.5 Computer Modelling
References
4 Secondary Particle Generation with Accelerators
4.1 Electrons, Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
4.2 Neutrons
4.2.1 Accelerator Neutron Sources
4.2.2 The Specific Energy Efficiency
4.3 Photons
4.3.1 X-ray and Bound Electron Sources
4.3.2 Synchrotron Sources
4.3.3 Free-Electron Laser
4.4 Particles of the Standard Model and Anti-matter
References
5 Technical Applications
5.1 Generation of α-β-γ-n Sources and Activation
5.1.1 Pathways on the Nuclide Chart
5.1.2 Examples of α, γ, β−, β+,n Sources from Accelerators
5.1.3 Comparison to Production by Neutrons
5.1.4 Optimization of Production and Cost Efficiency
5.2 Rare Isotope and Radioactive Decay Tracers
5.3 Material Modification
5.3.1 Doping by Implantation and Activation
5.3.2 Welding, Cutting, and Additive Manufacturing
5.3.3 Surface Modifications and Nano-Machining
References
6 Nuclear Medicine
6.1 Imaging Diagnostics and Their Information Properties
6.1.1 X-ray Absorption Imaging and Tomography
6.1.2 Emission-Computed-Tomography
6.2 Radiation Therapy
6.2.1 External Beam Therapy
6.2.2 Internal Metabolic Radionuclide Therapy
6.2.3 Selectivity from a Physical Perspective
References
7 Material Analysis and Testing
7.1 Ion-, Electron-, and Photon Beam Analysis
7.1.1 Physical Concepts, Detection Limits, Accuracy and Uncertainties
7.1.2 X-ray Absorption and Scattering Analysis
7.1.3 Electron Beam Microscopy
7.1.4 Secondary Ion Mass-Spectrometry
7.1.5 MeV Ion-Beam Analysis
7.1.6 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
7.2 Neutron Based Analysis
7.3 Mobile Systems
7.4 Radiation Damage
References
8 Energy Production and Storage
8.1 Spallation Fission Reactors
8.2 Nuclear Batteries
8.3 Accelerator Based Nuclear Fusion
8.3.1 Neutral Target Reactors
8.3.2 Ion-Beam Collider Reactors
References
Index