Cover
Endorsements
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures
Preface
1. Introduction
Historical Foundations
Conceptual Foundations
Graphical Displays and Vocabulary
2. Data
Dataset 1
Dataset 2
Dataset 3
Dataset 4
3. R and RStudio Software
R and RStudio
R Packages
4. Importing and Saving Data and Results
Importing a Correlation Matrix
Data Packages
Saving Data
Saving Results
5. Decision Steps in Exploratory Factor Analysis
Flowchart of Decision Steps (Figure 5.1)
Checklist of Decision Steps (Figure 5.2)
6. Step 1: Variables to Include
Report
7. Step 2: Participants
Characteristics of Participants
Number of Participants
Report
8. Step 3: Data Screening
Assumptions
Restricted Score Range
Linearity
Data Distributions
Outliers
Missing Data
Report
9. Step 4: Is Exploratory Factor Analysis Appropriate
Report
10. Step 5: Factor Analysis Model
Report
11. Step 6: Factor Extraction Method
Report
12. Step 7: How Many Factors to Retain
Empirical Guidelines
Theoretical Knowledge
Model Selection
Report
13. Step 8: Rotate Factors
Orthogonal versus Oblique Rotation
Factor Loadings
Eigenvalues and Variance Extracted
Report
14. Step 9: Interpret Exploratory Factor Analysis Results
Model Selection Guidelines
Report
Model Evaluation
Model 3
Model 2
Model 1
Factor Names
Report
15. Step 10: Report Exploratory Factor Analysis Results
Factor Scores
Cautions
16. Exploratory Factor Analysis with Categorical Variables
Data
Participants
Data Screening
Is EFA Appropriate
Factor Analysis Model
Factor Extraction Method
How Many Factors to Retain
Rotate Factors
Interpret Results
17. Higher-Order and Bifactor Models
Higher-Order Models
Schmid-Leiman Transformation of Higher-Order Models
Bifactor Models
Alternative Measures of Reliability
18. Exploratory versus Confirmatory Factor Analysis
CFA Model Fit
CFA Model Respecification
CFA Model Assumptions
Exploratory Use of CFA
EFA versus CFA
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1
Data
Variables Included
Participants
Is the Data Appropriate?
Is EFA Appropriate?
What Model of Factor Analysis Was Employed?
What Factor Extraction Method Was Used?
How Many Factors Were Retained?
What Factor Rotation Was Applied?
Interpretation of Results
Report Results
Exercise 1 Report
Method
Results
Exercise 2
Data
Are the Data Appropriate for EFA?
Is EFA Appropriate?
How Many Factor to Retain?
Factor Models: Three Factors
Factor Models: Two Factors
Factor Models: One Factor
Factor Models: Robustness Evaluation of Two-Factor Model
References and Resources
Index