A Problem- Solving Approach to Aquatic Chemistry

✍ Scribed by James N. Jensen

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 701
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief contents
Contents
Preface
Part I Fundamental Concepts
Chapter 1 Getting Started with the Fundamental Concepts
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Why Calculate Chemical Species Concentrations at Equilibrium?
1.3 Primary Variables: Importance of pH and pe
1.4 Properties of Water
1.5 Part I Roadmap
1.6 Chapter Summary
1.7 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury be Formed Chemically in Water?
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: S.P.L. Sørensen and the p in pH
Chapter References
Chapter 2 Concentration Units
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Units Analysis
2.3 Molar Concentration Units
2.4 Mass Concentration Units
2.5 Dimensionless Concentration Units
2.6 Equivalents
2.7 Review of Units Interconversion
2.8 Common Concentration Units in the Gas Phase
2.9 Common Concentration Units in the Solid Phase
2.10 Activity
2.11 Chapter Summary
2.12 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water?
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Amadea Avogadro and Avogadro’s Number
Problems
Chapter References
Chapter 3 Thermodynamic Basis of Equilibrium
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Thermodynamic Properties
3.3 Why Do We Need Thermodynamics to Calculate Species
Concentrations?
3.4 Thermodynamic Laws
3.5 Gibbs Free Energy
3.6 Properties of Thermodynamic
Functions
3.7 Changes in Thermodynamic Properties During Chemical
Reactions
3.8 Relating Gibbs Free Energy to Species Concentrations
3.9 Chemical Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant
3.10 Chapter Summary
3.11 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water?
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Josiah Willard Gibbs
Problems
Chapter References
Chapter 4 Manipulating Equilibrium Expressions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chemical and Mathematical Forms of Equilibria
4.3 Units of Equilibrium Constants
4.4 Reversing Equilibria
4.5 Effects of Stoichiometry
4.6 Adding Equilibria
4.7 Creating Equilibria
4.8 Chapter Summary
4.9 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water?
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Henri-Louis Le Châtelier and Le Châtelier’s Principle
Problems
Chapter References
Part II Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems
Chapter 5 Getting Started with Solving Equilibrium Problems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 A Framework for Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems
5.3 Introduction to Defining the Chemical System
5.4 Introduction to Enumerating Chemical Species
5.5 Introduction to Defining the Constraints on Species Concentrations
5.6 Part II Roadmap
5.7 Chapter Summary
5.8 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today?
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: “Active Mass” and Familial Relations
Chapter References
Chapter 6 Setting Up Chemical Equilibrium Calculations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Defining the Chemical System
6.3 Enumerating Chemical Species
6.4 Defining the Constraints on Species Concentrations
6.5 Review of Procedures for Setting up Equilibrium Systems
6.6 Concise Mathematical Form for Equilibrium Systems
6.7 Chapter Summary
6.8 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today?
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Salts of the Ocean
Problems
Chapter References
Chapter 7 Algebraic Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background on Algebraic Solutions
7.3 Method of Substitution
7.4 Method of Approximation
7.5 Chapter Summary
7.6 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today?
Chapter Key Ideas
Historical Note: What’s in a Name?
Problems
Chapter 8 Graphical Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Log Concentration and pC-pH Diagrams
8.3 Using pC-pH Diagrams with More Complex Systems
8.4 Special Shortcuts for Monoprotic Acids
8.5 When Graphical Methods Fail: The Proton Condition
8.6 Chapter Summary
8.7 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today?
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Who Was First?
Problems
Chapter Reference
Chapter 9 Computer Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Chapter Problem
9.3 Spreadsheet Solutions
9.4 Equilibrium Calculation Software
9.5 Nanoql SE
9.6 The Tableau Method and Other Equilibrium Calculation Apps
9.7 Visual MINTEQ
9.8 Chapter Summary
9.9 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today?
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: ALGOL to VBA
Problems
Chapter References
Part III Acid–Base Equilibria in Homogenous Aqueous Systems
Chapter 10 Getting Started with Acid–Base Equilibrium in Homogenous Aqueous Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Homogeneous Systems
10.3 Types of Reactions in Homogeneous Systems
10.4 The Wonderful World of Acids and Bases
10.5 Part III Roadmap
10.6 Chapter Summary
10.7 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: “An Evil of the Highest Magnitude”
Chapter References
Chapter 11 Acids and Bases
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Definitions of Acids and Bases
11.3 Acid and Base Strength
11.4 Polyprotic Acids
11.5 Alpha Values (Distribution Functions)
11.6 Chapter Summary
11.7 Part II Case Study: Acid Rain
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Why Is a Base a Base?
Problems
Addendum: A Surprising Exact Solution
Chapter References
Chapter 12 Acid–Base Titrations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Principles of Acid–Base Titrations
12.3 Equivalence Points
12.4 Titration of Polyprotic Acids
12.5 Buffers
12.6 Interpretation of Acid–Base Titration Curves with Complex Mixtures
12.7 Chapter Summary
12.8 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Mohr about Titrations
Problems
Chapter References
Chapter 13 Alkalinity and Acidity
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Alkalinity and the Acid Neutralizing Capacity
13.3 Alkalinity and the Charge Balance
13.4 Characteristics of Alkalinity and Acidity
13.5 Using the Definitions of Alkalinity to Solve Problems
13.6 Effects of Other Weak Acids and Bases on Alkalinity
13.7 Chapter Summary
13.8 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Can You Pass the Litmus Test?
Problems
Chapter References
Part IV Other Equilibria in Homogenous Aqueous Systems
Chapter 14 Getting Started with Other Equilibria in Homogeneous Aqueous Systems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Electron-Sharing Reactions
14.3 Electron Transfer
14.4 Part IV Roadmap
14.5 Chapter Summary
14.6 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use?
Chapter Key Ideas
Historical Note: Hauptvalenz and Nebenvalenz
Chapter References
Chapter 15 Complexation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Metals
15.3 Ligands
15.4 Equilibrium Calculations with Complexes
15.5 Systems with Several Metals and Ligands
15.6 Applications of Complexation Chemistry
15.7 Chapter Summary
15.8 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use?
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: British Anti-Lewisite – A WMD-Inspired Ligand
Problems
Chapter References
Chapter 16 Oxidation and Reduction
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A Few Definitions
16.3 Balancing Redox Reactions
16.4 Which Redox Reactions Occur?
16.5 Redox Thermodynamics and Oxidant and Reductant Strength
16.6 Manipulating Half Reactions
16.7 Algebraic Equilibrium Calculations in Systems Undergoing Electron Transfer
16.8 Graphical Representations of Systems Undergoing Electron Transfer
16.9 Applying Redox Equilibrium Calculations to the Real World
16.10 Chapter Summary
16.11 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use?
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Walther Hermann Nernst
Problems
Chapter References
Part V Heterogeneous Systems
Chapter 17 Getting Started with Heterogeneous Systems
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Equilibrium Exchange Between Gas and Aqueous Phases
17.3 Equilibrium Exchange Between Solid and Aqueous Phases
17.4 Part V Roadmap
17.5 Chapter Summary
17.6 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes
Chapter Key Ideas
Historical Note: “A Spirit Case and a Gasogene”
Chapter References
Chapter 18 Gas–Liquid Equilibria
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law
18.3 Equilibrium Calculations Involving Gas–Liquid Equilibria
18.4 Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
18.5 Chapter Summary
18.6 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: A Brief History of Carbon Dioxide
Problems
Chapter References
Chapter 19 Solid–Liquid Equilibria
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Saturation and the Activity of Pure Solids
19.3 Equilibrium Calculations with Solid–Liquid Equilibria
19.4 Factors Affecting Metal Solubility
19.6 Models for the Acid–Base Chemistry of Natural Waters
19.7 Chapter Summary
19.8 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Black Smokers and White Smokers
Problems
Addendum: Information Requirements
Chapter References
Part VI Beyond Dilute Solutions at Equilibrium
Chapter 20 Getting Started with Beyond Dilute Solutions at Equilibrium
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Extensions to Nonideal and Nonstandard Conditions
20.3 The Strange World of Surfaces
20.4 Nonequilibrium Conditions
20.5 Integrated Case Studies
20.6 Part VI Roadmap
20.7 Chapter Summary
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: “Harcourt, Come to Me!”
Chapter References
Chapter 21 Thermodynamics Revisited: The Effects of Ionic Strength, Temperature, and Pressure
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Effects of Ionic Strength
21.3 Effects of Temperature on Equilibrium Constants
21.4 Effects of Pressure on Equilibrium Constants
21.5 Chapter Summary
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff
Problems
Chapter References
Chapter 22 Aquatic Chemistry of Surfaces
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Nomenclature
22.3 Isotherms and Ion Exchange
22.4 Introduction to Surface Complexation Modeling
22.5 Surface Complexation Modeling
22.6 Chapter Summary
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: From “Cat’s Cradle” to the “Swiss Model” to Surface Complexation Modeling
Problems
Addendum: The Freundlich Isotherm and Adsorption Equilibria
Chapter References
Chapter 23 Chemical Kinetics of Aquatic Systems
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The Need for Chemical Kinetics
23.3 Reaction Rates
23.4 Common Rate Expressions
23.5 More Complex Kinetic Forms
23.6 Effects of Temperature and Ionic Strength on Kinetics
23.7 Chapter Summary
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Historical Note: Arrhenius, Chick, and Foote
Problems
Chapter References
Chapter 24 Putting It All Together: Integrated Case Studies in Aquatic Chemistry
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Integrated Case Study 1: Metal Finishing
24.3 Integrated Case Study 2: Oxidation of Fe(+II) by Oxygen
24.4 Integrated Case Study 3: Inorganic Mercury Chemistry in Natural Waters
24.5 Integrated Case Study 4: Phosphate Buffers
24.6 Integrated Case Study 5: Global Climate Change
24.7 Chapter Summary
Historical Note: Stumm and Morgan
Chapter References
Appendix A Background Information
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Chemical Principles
A.3 Mathematical Principles
A.4 Spreadsheet Skills
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Useful Physical Constants and Conversions
Appendix B Equilibrium Revisited
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Equilibrium and Steady State
B.3 Energy Minimization and Algebraic Solutions
Chapter Key Ideas
Chapter Glossary
Appendix C Summary of Procedures
C.1 Oxidation States and Balancing Reactions
C.2 Setting Up Chemical Equilibrium Systems (Section 6.5)
C.3 Algebraic Solution Techniques
C.4 Graphical Solutions
C.5 Computer Solutions: Tableau Method (Section 9.6.6)
C.6 Acid–Base Titrations
C.7 Complexation (Section 15.4.4)
C.8 Ionic Strength Effects (Section 21.2.7)
C.9 Surface Complexation Modeling Method (Section 22.5.4)
C.10 Chemical Kinetics (Section 23.3.4)
Appendix D Selected Equilibrium Constants
Chapter References
Appendix E Animations and Example Spreadsheet Files
E.1 Introduction to Animations
E.2 Variation of the Equilibrium pH of a Monoprotic Acid Solution with the Total Acid Concentration and Ka
E.3 How to Draw pC-pH Diagrams for Monoprotic Acids
E.4 Equilibrium pH During the Titration of a Monoprotic Acid with a Strong Base
E.5 Spreadsheet Examples
Appendix F Nanoql SE
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Entering Your System
F.3 How to Solve Systems and Vary System Parameters
F.3.2 Varying System Parameters
F.4 Nanoql SE Examples
Chapter Reference
Index
Biographical Index
EULA