A Modern Introduction to Particle Physics

✍ Scribed by Fayyazuddin, Riazuddin

• Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 680
• Edition: 3
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Preface
1. Introduction
1.1 Fundamental Forces
1.1.1 The Gravitational Force
1.1.2 The Weak Nuclear Force
1.1.3 The Electromagnetic Force
1.1.4 The Strong Nuclear Force
1.2 Relative Strength of Four Fundamental Forces
1.3 Range of the Three Basic Forces
1.4 Classification of Matter
1.5 Strong Color Charges
1.6 Fundamental Role of “Charges” in the Unification of Forces
1.7 Strong Quark-Quark Force
1.8 Grand Unification
1.9 Units and Notation
1.10 Problems
1.11 References
2. Scattering and Particle Interaction
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Kinematics of a Scattering Process
2.3 Interaction Picture
2.4 Scattering Matrix (S-Matrix)
2.5 Phase Space
2.6 Examples
2.6.1 Two-body Scattering
2.6.2 Three-body Decay
2.6.2.1 Three-body Phase Space
2.7 Electromagnetic Interaction
2.8 Weak Interaction
2.9 Hadronic Cross-section
2.10 Problems
2.11 References
3. Space-Time Symmetries
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Rotation and SO(3) Group
3.1.2 Translation
3.1.3 Lorentz Group
3.2 Invariance Principle
3.2.1 U Continuous
3.2.2 U is Discrete (e.g. Space Reflection)
3.3 Parity
3.4 Intrinsic Parity
3.4.1 Intrinsic Parity of Pion
3.5 Parity Constraints on S-Matrix for Hadronic Reactions
3.5.1 Scattering of Spin 0 Particles on Spin 1/2 Particles
3.5.2 Decay of a Spin 0+ Particle into Three Spinless Particles Each Having Odd Parity
3.6 Time Reversal
3.6.1 Unitarity
3.6.2 Reciprocity Relation
3.7 Applications
3.7.1 Detailed Balance Principle
3.7.1.1 Determination of Spin of the Pion
3.8 Unitarity Constraints
3.8.1 Two-Particle Partial Wave Unitarity
3.9 Problems
4. Internal Symmetries
4.1 Selection Rules and Globally Conserved Quantum Numbers
4.2 Isospin
4.2.1 Electromagnetic Interaction and Isospin
4.2.2 Weak Interaction and Isospin
4.3 Resonance Production
4.3.1 Δ-resonance
4.3.2 Spin of Δ
4.4 Charge Conjugation
4.5 G-Parity
4.6 Problems
4.7 References
5. Unitary Groups and SU(3)
5.1 Unitary Groups and SU(3)
5.2 Particle Representations in Flavor SU(3)
5.2.1 Mesons
5.2.2 Baryons
5.2.2.1 Baryon States
5.3 U-Spin
5.4 Irreducible Representations of SU(3)
5.4.1 Young’s Tableaux
5.5 SU(N)
5.6 Applications of Flavor SU(3)
5.6.1 SU(3) Invariant BBP Couplings
5.6.2 VPP Coupling
5.7 Mass Splitting in Flavor SU(3)
5.8 Problems
5.9 References
6. SU(6) and Quark Model
6.1 SU(6)
6.1.1 SU(6) Wave Function for Mesons
6.2 Magnetic Moments of Baryons
6.3 Radiative Decays of Vector Mesons
6.4 Radiative Decays (Complementary Derivation)
6.4.1 Mesonic Radiative Decays V = P + γ
6.4.2 Baryonic Radiative Decay
6.5 Problems
6.6 References
7. Color, Gauge Principle and Quantum Chromodynamics
7.1 Evidence for Color
7.2 Gauge Principle
7.2.1 Aharanov and Bohm Experiment
7.2.2 Gauge Principle for Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
7.3 Non-Abelion Local Gauge Transformations (Yang-Mills)
7.4 Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
7.4.1 Conserved Current
7.4.2 Experimental Determinations of αs(q2) and Asymptotic Freedom of QCD
7.5 Hadron Spectroscopy
7.5.1 One Gluon Exchange Potential
7.5.2 Long Range QCD Motivated Potential
7.5.2.1 The string picture of hadrons
7.5.3 Spin-Spin Interaction
7.6 The Mass Spectrum
7.6.1 Meson Mass Relations
7.6.2 Baryon Mass Spectrum
7.7 Problems
7.8 References
8. Heavy Flavors
8.1 Discovery of Charm
8.1.1 Isospin
8.1.2 SU(3) Classification
8.2 Charm
8.2.1 Heavy Mesons
8.2.2 The Fifth Quark Flavor: Bottom Mesons
8.2.3 The Sixth Quark Flavor: The Top
8.3 Strong and Radiative Decays of D* Mesons
8.4 Heavy Baryons
8.5 Quarkonium
8.6 Leptonic Decay Width of Quarkonium
8.7 Hadronic Decay Width
8.8 Non-Relativistic Treatment of Quarkonium
8.9 Observations
8.10 Tetraquark
8.11 Problems
8.12 References
9. Heavy Quark Effective Theory
9.1 Effective Lagrangian
9.2 Spin Symmetry of Heavy Quark
9.3 Mass Spectroscopy for Hadrons with One Heavy Quark
9.4 The P-wave Heavy Mesons: Mass Spectroscopy
9.5 Decays of P-wave Mesons
9.6 Problems
9.7 References
10. Weak Interaction
10.1 V − A Interaction
10.1.1 Helicity of the Neutrino
10.2 Classification of Weak Processes
10.2.1 Purely Leptonic Processes
10.2.2 Semileptonic Processes
10.2.3 Non-Leptonic Processes
10.2.4 μ-Decay
10.2.5 Remarks
10.2.5.1 Decay of polarized muon
10.2.6 Semi-Leptonic Processes
10.3 Baryon Decays
10.4 Pseudoscalar Meson Decays
10.4.1 Pion Decay
10.4.1.1 Remarks
10.4.2 Strangeness Changing Semi-Leptonic Decays
10.5 Hadronic Weak Decays
10.5.1 Non-Leptonic Decays of Hyperons
10.5.2 ΔI = 1/2 Rule for Hyperon Decays
10.5.3 Non-leptonic Hyperon Decays in Non-Relativistic Quark Model
10.6 Problems
10.7 References
11. Properties of Weak Hadronic Currents and Chiral Symmetry
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conserved Vector Current Hypothesis (CVC)
11.3 Partially Conserved Axial Vector Current Hypothesis (PCAC)
11.4 Current Algebra and Chiral Symmetry
11.4.1 Explicit Breaking of Chiral Symmetry
11.4.2 An Application of Chiral Symmetry to Non-Leptonic Decays of Hyperons
11.5 Axial Anomaly
11.6 QCD Sum Rules
11.7 Problems
11.8 References
12. Neutrino
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Intrinsic Properties of Neutrinos
12.3 Mass
12.3.1 Constraints on Neutrino Mass
12.3.1.1 Direct Limits
12.3.1.2 Double β-Decay
12.3.1.3 Cosmology
12.3.1.4 Astrophysical Constraints
12.3.2 Dirac and Majorana Masses
12.3.3 Fermion Masses in the Standard Model (SM) and See-saw Mechanism
12.4 Neutrino Oscillations
12.4.1 Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein Effect
12.4.2 Evolution of Flavor Eigenstates in Matter
12.5 Evidence for Neutrino Oscillations
12.5.1 Disappearance Experiments
12.5.2 Appearance Experiments
12.5.2.1 Atmospheric neutrino anomaly
12.5.2.2 Solar neutrinos
12.6 Neutrino Mass Models and Mixing Matrix and Symmetries
12.7 Neutrino Magnetic Moment
12.8 Problems
12.9 References
13. Electroweak Unification
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Higgs Mechanism
13.2.1 Higgs Mechanism
13.2.2 Gauge Symmetry Breaking for Chiral U1 U2 Group
13.3 Renormalizability
13.4 Electroweak Unification
13.4.1 Experimental Consequences of the Electroweak Unification
13.4.2 Need for Radiative Corrections
13.4.3 Experiments which Determine sin2θW
13.5 Decay Widths of W and Z Bosons
13.6 Tests of Yang-Mills Character of Gauge Bosons
13.7 Higgs Boson Mass
13.8 Upper Bound
13.8.1 Unitarity
13.8.2 Finiteness of Couplings
13.9 Standard Model, Higgs Boson Searches, Production at Decays
13.9.1 LEP-2
13.9.2 LHC and Tevatron
13.10 Two Higgs Doublet Model (2HDM)
13.11 GIM Mechanism
13.12 Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix
13.13 Axial Anomaly
13.14 Problems
13.15 References
14. Deep Inelastic Scattering
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Deep-Inelastic Lepton-Nucleon Scattering
14.3 Parton Model
14.4 Deep Inelastic Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering
14.5 Sum Rules
14.6 Deep-Inelastic Scattering Involving Neutral Weak Currents
14.7 Problems
14.8 References
15. Weak Decays of Heavy Flavors
15.1 Leptonic Decays of τ Lepton
15.2 Semi-Hadronic Decays of τ Lepton
15.2.1 Special Cases
15.3 Weak Decays of Heavy Flavors
15.3.1 Leptonic Decays of D and B Mesons
15.3.2 Semileptonic Decays of D and B Mesons
15.3.3 (Exclusive) Semileptonic Decays of D and B Mesons
15.3.4 Weak Hadronic Decays of B Mesons
15.3.5 Inclusive Hadronic B Decays
15.3.6 Radiative Decays of Bq Mesons
15.4 Inclusive Hadronic Decays of D-Mesons
15.4.1 Scattering and Annihilation Diagrams
15.5 Problems
15.6 References
16. Particle Mixing and CP-Violation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 CPT and CP Invariance
16.3 CP-Violation in the Standard Model
16.4 Particle Mixing
16.5 K0 − K0 Complex and CP-Violation in K-Decay
16.6 B0 − B0 Complex
16.7 CP-Violation in B-Decays
16.8 CP-Violation in Hadronic Weak Decays of Baryons
16.9 Problems
16.10 References
17. Grand Unification, Supersymmetry and Strings
17.1 Grand Unification
17.1.1 q2 Evolution of Gauge Coupling Constants and the Grand Unification Mass Scale
17.1.2 General Consequences of GUTS
17.2 Poincaré Group and Supersymmetry
17.2.1 Introduction
17.2.2 Poincaré Group
17.2.3 Two-Component Weyl Spinors
17.2.4 Spinor Algebra, Supersymmetry
17.2.5 Supersymmetric Multiplets
17.3 Supersymmetry and Strings
17.3.1 Introduction
17.3.2 Supersymmetry
17.3.2.1 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills: An Example
17.4 String Theory and Duality
17.4.1 M-theory
17.6 Conclusions
17.7 Problems
17.8 References
18. Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
18.1 Cosmological Principle and Expansion of the Universe
18.2 The Standard Model of Cosmology
18.3 Cosmological Parameters and the Standard Model Solutions
18.4 Accelerating Universe and Dark Energy
18.4.1 Evidence from Supernovae
18.4.2 Evidence from CMB Data
18.4.3 Quintessence
18.4.4 Modified Gravity
18.5 Hot Big Bang: Thermal History of the Universe
18.5.1 Thermal Equilibrium
18.5.2 The Radiation Era
18.6 Freeze Out
18.7 Limit on Neutrino Mass
18.8 Primordial Nucleosynthesis
18.9 Inflation
18.9.1 Horizon Problem
18.9.2 Flatness Problem
18.9.3 Realization of Inflation
18.9.4 Slow-roll Inflation
18.10 Baryogenesis
18.10.1 Sakharov’s Conditions
18.10.2 Various Scenarios for Baryogenesis
18.10.2.1 Baryogenesis at GUT (Grand Unification theories) Level
18.10.2.2 Electroweak Baryogenesis
18.10.3 Leptogenesis
18.11 Problems
18.12 References
Appendix A Quantum Field Theory
A.1 Spin 0 Field
A.2 Spin 1/2 Particle
A.2.1 Pauli Representation of γ Matrices
A.2.2 Weyl Representation of γ Matrices
A.3 Trace of γ Matrices
A.4 Spin 1 Field
A.5 Massive Spin 1 Particle
A.6 Feynman Rules for S-Matrix in Momentum Space
A.7 Application of Feynman Rules
A.7.1 e+e− → Hadrons
A.7.2 Electron Scattering an Structureless Spin 1/2 Target
A.8 Discrete Symmetries
A.8.1 Charge Conjugation
A.8.2 Space Reflection
A.8.3 Time Reversal
A.9 Problems
Appendix B Renormalization Group and Running Coupling Constant
B.1 Feynman Rules for Quantum Chromodynamics
B.2 Renormalization Group, Coupling Constant and Asymptotic Freedom
B.3 Running Coupling Constant in Quantum Electrody namics (QED)
B.4 Running Coupling Constant for SU(2) Gauge Group
B.5 Renormalization Group and High Q2 Behavior of Green’s Function
B.5.1 Gluon Propagator
B.5.2 Fermion Propagator
B.6 References for Appendices
Index