A-Level Biology for AQA: Year 1 & 2 Student Book

✍ Scribed by CGP Books

• Publisher: CGP Books
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 596
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This comprehensive CGP student book covers both years AQA A-Level Biology! It contains in-depth, accessible notes explaining every topic, supported by clear diagrams, photographs, tips and worked examples. To test students’ knowledge and understanding, there are practice questions and exam-style questions throughout the book - with complete answers included. There’s also detailed guidance on Maths Skills, Practical Investigations and indispensable advice for success in the final exams. An access-code for a free Online Edition is also included, allowing you to read the entire book on a PC, Mac or tablet. If you prefer, separate CGP student books are available for Year 1 (9781782943198) and Year 2 (9781782943242) of AQA A-Level Biology.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Contents i
Contents ii
Contents iii
Contents iv
Introduction
How to use this book
Practical and Maths Skills
1. Planning an Experiment
2. Carrying Out an Experiment
3. Processing Data
4. Presenting Data
5. Concluding and Evaluating
6. The Practical Endorsement
Topic 1 A: Biological Molecules
1. Molecules of Life
2. Sugars
3. Polysaccharides
4. Lipids
5. Proteins
6. Enzymes
7. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
8. Enzyme-Controlled Reactions
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 1 B: More Biological Molecules
1. DNA and RNA
2. DNA Replication
3. ATP
4. Water
5. Inorganic Ions
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 2 A: Cell Structure and Division
1. Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles
2. Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses
3. Analysis of Cell Components
4. Cell Division — Mitosis
5. Investigating Mitosis
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 2 B: Cell Membranes
1. Cell Membranes — The Basics
2. Diffusion
3. Osmosis
4. Active Transport
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 2 C: Cells and The Immune System
1. Antigens
2. The Immune Response
3. Immunity and Vaccines
4. Antigenic Variation
5. Antibodies in Medicine
6. Interpreting Data About Vaccines and Antibodies
7. HIV and Viruses
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 3 A: Exchange and Transport Systems
1. Size and Surface Area
2. Gas Exchange
3. Gas Exchange in Humans
4. The Effects of Lung Disease
5. Interpreting Lung Disease Data
6. Dissecting Gas Exchange Systems
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 3 B: More Exchange and Transport Systems
1. Digestion and Absorption
2. Haemoglobin
3. The Circulatory System
4. The Heart
5. Cardiovascular Disease
6. Transport in Plants — Xylem
7. Transport in Plants — Phloem
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 4 A: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
1. DNA
2. Genes and Chromosomes
3. RNA and Protein Synthesis
4. Transcription and Translation
5. The Genetic Code and Nucleic Acids
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 4 B: Diversity and Selection
1. Meiosis and Genetic Variation
2. Mutations
3. Genetic Diversity
4. Natural Selection
5. The Effects of Selection
6. Investigating Selection
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 4 C: Diversity and Classification
1. Classification of Organisms
2. Classification Using Courtship Behaviour
3. Classification Using DNA or Proteins
4. Using Gene Technologies to Assess Genetic Diversity
5. Investigating Variation
6. Biodiversity
7. Agriculture and Biodiversity
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 5 A: Photosynthesis and Respiration
1. Photosynthesis, Respiration and Energy
2. Photosynthesis and the Light-dependent Reaction
3. Photosynthesis and the Light-independent Reaction
4. Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis
5. Photosynthesis Experiments
6. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
7. Aerobic Respiration — The Mitochondrial Reactions
8. Respiration Experiments
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 5 B: Energy Transfer and Nutrient Cycles
1. Energy Transfer in Ecosystems
2. Farming Practices and Production
3. Nutrient Cycles in Natural Ecosystems
4. Fertilisers and Eutrophication
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 6 A: Stimuli and Responses
1. Survival and Response
2. Nervous Communication
3. Responses in Plants
4. Receptors
5. Control of Heart Rate
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 6 B: Nervous Coordination
1. Neurones
2. Synaptic Transmission
3. Muscle Structure
4. Muscle Contraction
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 6 C: Homeostasis
1. Homeostasis Basics
2. Control of Blood Glucose Concentration
3. Diabetes and Blood Glucose Concentration
4. The Kidneys
5. Controlling Blood Water Potential
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 7 A: Genetics
1. Genetic Terms
2. Genetic Diagrams — Simple Monohybrid Crosses
3. Genetic Diagrams — Multiple Allele and Dihybrid Crosses
4. Linkage
5. Epistasis
6. The Chi-Squared Test
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 7 B: Populations and Evolution
1. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
2. Variation and Selection
3. Speciation and Genetic Drift
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 7 C: Populations in Ecosystems
1. Ecosystems
2. Variation in Population Size
3. Investigating Populations
4. Succession
5. Conservation
6. Conservation Evidence and Data
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 8 A: Mutations and Gene Expression
1. Mutations
2. Mutagenic Agents
3. Cancer
4. Interpreting Data on Cancer
5. Stem Cells
6. Stem Cells in Medicine
7. Regulation of Transcription and Translation
8. Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression
9. Evaluating Data on Phenotypes
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Topic 8 B: Genome Projects and Gene Technologies
1. Genome Projects
2. Making DNA Fragments
3. Amplifying DNA Fragments
4. Recombinant DNA Technology
5. Gene Therapy
6. Gene Probes and Medical Diagnosis
7. Genetic Fingerprinting
Section Summary
Exam-style Questions
Exam Help
1. The Exams
2. Command Words
3. Time Management
Answers
Topic 1
Topic 1A — Biological Molecules
1. Molecules of Life
2. Sugars
3. Polysaccharides
4. Lipids
5. Proteins
6. Enzymes
7. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
8. Enzyme-Controlled Reactions
Exam-style Questions — pages 51-52
Topic 1B — More Biological Molecules
1. DNA and RNA
2. DNA Replication
3. ATP
4. Water
5. Inorganic Ions
Exam-style Questions — pages 68-69
Topic 2
Topic 2A — Cell Structure and Division
1. Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles
2. Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses
3. Analysis of Cell Components
4. Cell Division — Mitosis
5. Investigating Mitosis
Exam-style Questions — pages 95-96
Topic 2B — Cell Membranes
1. Cell Membranes — The Basics
2. Diffusion
3. Osmosis
4. Active Transport
Exam-style Questions — pages 115-116
Topic 2C: Cells and The Immune System
1. Antigens
2. The Immune Response
3. Immunity and Vaccines
4. Antigenic Variation
5. Antibodies in Medicine
6. Interpreting Data About Vaccines and Antibodies
7. HIV and Viruses
Exam-style Questions — pages 137-138
Topic 3
Topic 3A: Exchange and Transport Systems
1. Size and Surface Area
2. Gas Exchange
3. Gas Exchange in Humans
4. The Effects of Lung Disease
5. Interpreting Lung Disease Data
6. Dissecting Gas Exchange Systems
Exam-style Questions — pages 164-165
Topic 3B — More Exchange and Transport Systems
1. Digestion and Absorption
2. Haemoglobin
3. The Circulatory System
4. The Heart
5. Cardiovascular Disease
6. Transport in Plants — Xylem
7. Transport in Plants — Phloem
Exam-style Questions — pages 201-202
Topic 4
Topic 4A — DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
1. DNA
2. Genes and Chromosomes
3. RNA and Protein Synthesis
4. Transcription and Translation
5. The Genetic Code and Nucleic Acids
Exam-style Questions — page 216
Topic 4B — Diversity and Selection
1. Meiosis and Genetic Variation
2. Mutations
3. Genetic Diversity
4. Natural Selection
5. The Effects of Selection
6. Investigating Selection
Exam-style Questions — pages 236-237
Topic 4C — Diversity and Classification
1. Classification of Organisms
2. Classification Using Courtship Behaviour
3. Classification Using DNA or Proteins
4. Using Gene Technologies to Assess Genetic Diversity
5. Investigating Variation
6. Biodiversity
7. Agriculture and Biodiversity
Exam-style Questions — pages 259-260
Topic 5
Topic 5 — A: Photosynthesis and Respiration
1. Photosynthesis, Respiration and Energy
2. Photosynthesis and the Light-dependent Reaction
3. Photosynthesis and the Light-independent Reaction
4. Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis
5. Photosynthesis Experiments
6. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
7. Aerobic Respiration —The Mitochondrial Reactions
8. Respiration Experiments
Exam-style Questions — pages 293-294
Topic 5 — B: Energy Transfer and Nutrient Cycles
1. Energy Transfer in Ecosystems
2. Farming Practices and Production
3. Nutrient Cycles in Natural Ecosystems
4. Fertilisers and Eutrophication
Exam-style Questions — pages 310-311
Topic 6
Topic 6 — A: Stimuli and Responses
1. Survival and Response
2. Nervous Communication
3. Responses in Plants
4. Receptors
5. Control of Heart Rate
Exam-style Questions — pages 328-329
Topic 6 — B: Nervous Coordination
1. Neurones
2. Synaptic Transmission
3. Muscle Structure
4. Muscle Contraction
Exam-style Questions — pages 351-353
Topic 6 — C: Homeostasis
1. Homeostasis Basics
2. Control of Blood Glucose Concentration
3. Diabetes and Blood Glucose Concentration
4. The Kidneys
5. Controlling Blood Water Potential
Exam-style Questions — pages 375-377
Topic 7
Topic 7 — A: Genetics
1. Genetic Terms
2. Genetic Diagrams — Simple Monohybrid Crosses
3. Genetic Diagrams — Multiple Allele and Dihybrid Crosses
4. Linkage
5. Epistasis
6. The Chi-Squared Test
Exam-style Questions — page 398-399
Topic 7 — B: Populations and Evolution
1. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
2. Variation and Selection
3. Speciation and Genetic Drift
Exam-style Questions — page 414
Topic 7 — C: Populationsin Ecosystems
1. Ecosystems
2. Variation in Population Size
3. Investigating Populations
4. Succession
5. Conservation
6. Conservation Evidence and Data
Exam-style Questions — pages 441-442
Topic 8
Topic 8 — A: Mutations and Gene Expression
1. Mutations
2. Mutagenic Agents
3. Cancer
4. Interpreting Data on Cancer
5. Stem Cells
6. Stem Cells in Medicine
7. Regulation of Transcription and Translation
8. Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression
9. Evaluating Data on Phenotypes
Exam-style Questions — pages 472-473
Topic 8 — B: Genome Projects and Gene Technologies
1. Genome Projects
2. Making DNA Fragments
3. Amplifying DNA Fragments
4. Recombinant DNA Technology
5. Gene Therapy
6. Gene Probes and Medical Diagnosis
7. Genetic Fingerprinting
Exam-style Questions — pages 496-497
Exam Help
Glossary
Glossary A — As
Glossary At — Ce
Glossary Ce — Cr
Glossary Cy — En
Glossary En — Ge
Glossary Ge — Hy
Glossary Hy — Ly
Glossary M — Ne
Glossary Ne — Pe
Glossary Ph — Pr
Glossary Pr — Sa
Glossary Sa — Su
Glossary Su — Un
Glossary Un — Zy
Acknowledgements
Index
Index A — Bu
Index C — De
Index De — Ge
Index Ge — Le
Index Li — Nu
Index Oe — Re
Index Re — Su
Index T — X