Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
Part I Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1. Method in Writing a History of the First and Second Centuries CE
1.2. An Overall Perspective on the Roman Empire
1.3. An Overview of the Situation in Judaea, 1–150 CE
1.4. Terminology and Other Technical Matters
Part II Sources
Chapter 2 Archaeology, Including Inscriptions and Coins
2.1. Unwritten Remains and Material Culture
2.1.1. From Herod to the Fall of Masada
2.1.2. From the Fall of Masada to the Bar Kokhva Revolt
2.2. Inscriptions, Papyri, and Manuscripts
2.3. Coins
Chapter 3 Jewish Literature
3.1. Josephus
3.2. Justus of Tiberias
3.3. Philo of Alexandria
3.4. Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum (Pseudo-Philo)
3.5. Adam and Eve Literature
3.6. Parables (Similitudes) of Enoch (1 Enoch 37–71)
3.7. Pseudo-Phocylides
3.8. The Sibylline Oracles
3.9. Slavonic Enoch (2 Enoch)
3.10. 4 Maccabees
3.11. Testament of Abraham
3.12. Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
3.13. Testament of Job
3.14. Joseph and Asenath
3.15. Apocalypses of Ezra, Baruch, Abraham, and John
3.16. Testament of Solomon
3.17. Rabbinic Literature
Chapter 4 Greek, Roman, and Christian Sources
4.1. Classical Sources in Greek and Latin
4.1.1. Cassius Dio
4.1.2. Historia Augusta
4.1.3. Pliny the Younger
4.1.4. Tacitus
4.2. Christian Writers and Literature
4.2.1. Justin Martyr
4.2.2. Eusebius
4.2.3. Orosius
4.2.4. Irenaeus
4.2.5. Epiphanius
Part III Society and Institutions
Chapter 5 Economics
5.1. The Economy in the Early Roman Empire
5.2. Economic Factors in Judaea
5.2.1. From Herod to the Great Revolt
5.2.2. From the Great Revolt to Bar Kokhva
5.2.3. The Fiscus Judaicus
5.3. Conclusions
Chapter 6 Jews in the Diaspora (4 BCE to 117 CE)
6.1. Citizenship for Diaspora Jews?
6.2. Egypt
6.3. Syria, Asia Minor, and Greece
6.4. Rome
6.5. Mesopotamia
6.6. Conclusions
Chapter 7 Sects and Movements
7.1. Revolutionaries, ‘Bandits’, and Other Popular Movements
7.2. ‘Fourth Philosophy’ and the Sicarii
7.3. Zealots
7.4. Therapeutae
7.5. The Jesus Movement
7.6. Herodians
7.7. Baptismal Sects
7.7.1. Various Possible Groups? Sources and Arguments
7.7.2. Mandaeans
7.8. Conclusions
Chapter 8 Mystical and Gnostic Trends, and the Esoteric Arts
8.1. Mystical Developments
8.2. Prophets, Mystics, and Charismatic Individuals
8.3. Gnosticism and Judaism
8.3.1. Introduction
8.3.2. Sources
8.3.3. The Basic Gnostic Myth
8.3.4. Examples of Jewish and Gnostic Parallels
8.3.5. Discussion
8.3.6. Other Gnostic or Related Traditions
8.3.7. Conclusions with Regard to Gnosticism and Judaism
8.4. The Esoteric Arts: Magic and Controlling the Spirits
8.5. Conclusions
Chapter 9 Religion I: Temple and Text, Religious Practice
9.1. Temple and Priesthood
9.1.1. The Sanhedrin
9.1.2. High Priests from Pompey to Vespasian
9.1.3. Synagogues
9.2. Biblical Text and Canon
9.2.1. Development of the Canon of Scripture
9.2.2. Textual Standardization
9.3. Religious Practice
9.3.1. The Question of Images and Art
9.3.2. Marriage and Divorce
9.3.3. Purity
9.4. Conclusions
Chapter 10 Religion II: Beliefs
10.1. Developing Views about God
10.1.1. Binitarianism, or ‘Two Powers in Heaven’
10.1.2. The Figure of Wisdom and the Logos
10.2. Angelic Beings and the Spirit World
10.2.1. Texts
10.2.2. Summary on Angelic Beings
10.3. Messiahs
10.3.1. Texts
10.3.2. The ‘Suffering Messiah’ and the ‘Messiah ben Joseph’
10.3.3. ‘Son of Man’
10.3.4. Conclusions about Messiahs
10.4. Eschatologies and Ideas of Salvation
10.4.1. Texts
10.4.2. Conclusions about Eschatology
10.5. Conclusions
Chapter 11 Religion III: Judaeophilia and Judaeophobia, Religious Rights, and Conversion
11.1. Pro-Judaism, Anti-Judaism, and Religious Rights
11.1.1. Pro-Jewish Statements
11.1.2. Anti-Judaism
11.1.3. Religious ‘Tolerance’ and Religious Rights
11.2. Judaism as a Mystery Religion
11.2.1. The Greek Mysteries
11.2.2. Judaism from a Hellenistic View
11.2.3. The Jewish God Dionysus
11.2.4. Models from Other Hellenistic Religions
11.2.5. Summary on Judaism as a Mystery Religion
11.3. Becoming a Member of the Jewish Community
11.4. Conclusions
Part IV Historical Synthesis
Chapter 12 The Reign of Herod Archelaus and the Roman Province of Judaea (4 BCE to 37 CE)
12.1. The Context for First-Century Jewish History
12.2. Augustus and Rome (4 BCE–14 CE)
12.3. The Herodian Succession: An Overview
12.4. Archelaus as Ethnarch (4 BCE–6 CE)
12.5. The Reign of Emperor Tiberius (14–37 CE)
12.6. Judaea a Roman Province (6–41 CE)
12.6.1. Judaea a ‘Province’?
12.6.2. First Roman Governors of Judaea (6–26 CE)
12.6.3. Governorship of Pontius Pilate (26–36 CE)
12.6.4. End of Judaea as a Province
12.7. The Tetrarch Philip (4 BCE–34 CE)
12.8. The Tetrarch Herod Antipas (4 BCE–39 CE)
12.9. Conclusions
Chapter 13 The Reign of Agrippa I , Once More a Roman Province, and the ‘Spiral of Violence’ (37–66 CE)
13.1. Reign of Caligula (Gaius) (37–41 CE)
13.2. Agrippa I (37–44 CE)
13.2.1. Early Life
13.2.2. Caligula’s Attempt to Place his Statue in the Temple
13.2.3. Rest of Agrippa I’s Reign
13.3. The Reign of Claudius (41–54 CE)
13.4. Agrippa II (44–94? CE)
13.5. Nero (54–68 CE)
13.6. Judaea a Roman Province Again (44–66 CE)
13.6.1. Overview
13.6.2. Cuspius Fadus (44–46? CE)
13.6.3. Tiberius Julius Alexander (46?–48 CE)
13.6.4. Ventidius Cumanus (48–52 CE)
13.6.5. Antonius Felix (52–59? CE)
13.6.6. Festus (59?–62 CE)
13.6.7. Lucceius Albinus (62–64)
13.6.8. Gessius Florus (64–67 CE)
13.7. Conclusions
Chapter 14 The Great Revolt—The War with Rome (66–73/74 CE)
14.1. Background
14.1.1. Judaean Society
14.1.2. ‘The Spiral of Violence’
14.1.3. Causes of the War
14.2. Beginnings of the War with Rome (66–67 CE)
14.2.1. Initial Events
14.2.2. Defeat of Cestius
14.2.3. Preparations for War
14.2.4. Preparations in Galilee
14.3. Galba, Otho, Vitellius (68–69 CE)
14.4. The Rest of the War (67–70 CE)
14.4.1. Vespasian’s Campaign against Galilee
14.4.2. Jerusalem Isolated and Surrounded
14.4.3. Jewish Infighting
14.4.4. Final Siege of Jerusalem
14.4.5. Destruction of the Temple and End of the War
14.4.6. Why Did They Hold Out?
14.5. Post-70 Fighting
14.6. Conclusions
Chapter 15 Roman Control (from 70 to c. 150 CE)
15.1. Historical Overview
15.2. Rule of the Roman Empire: Vespasian to Hadrian
15.2.1. Vespasian (69–79 CE)
15.2.2. Titus (79–81 CE)
15.2.3. Domitian (81–96 CE)
15.2.4. Nerva (96–98 CE)
15.2.5. Trajan (98–117 CE)
15.2.6. Hadrian (117–38 CE)
15.3. Administration of Judaea (70 to post-135 CE)
15.4. Beginnings of Rabbinic Judaism at Yavneh (70–130 CE)
15.5. Lives of Two ‘Ordinary’ Jewish Women
15.5.1. Babatha
15.5.2. Salome Komaïse
15.6. The Revolts under Trajan
15.6.1. Cyrenaica, Egypt, Cyprus, and Mesopotamia
15.6.2. The Question of Palestine in the Revolt under Trajan
15.7. The Bar-Kokhva Revolt (132–136 CE)
15.7.1. Outline of the Revolt
15.7.2. Causes of the Bar-Kokhva Revolt
15.7.3. Chronology of the Bar Kokhva Revolt
15.7.4. Territory in Bar Kokhva’s Kingdom
15.7.5. The Question of Bar Kokhva’s Messiahship and R. Aqiva’s Part in the Revolt
15.8. Conclusions
Part V Conclusions
Chapter 16 The Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period — a Holistic Perspective
16.1. Overview
16.1.1. Jewish Identity
16.1.2. Religious Practice and Belief
16.1.3. Life in the Diaspora
16.2. Survey of History
16.2.1. Persian Period
16.2.2. The Greek Conquest and Ptolemaic Rule
16.2.3. The Seleucids Take Over
16.2.4. The Maccabaean Revolt and the Hasmonaean Kingdom
16.2.5. Roman Control
16.2.6. The Herodian Kingdom
16.2.7. Rule as a Roman Province
16.2.8. Agrippa I and Agrippa II
16.2.9. Province a Second Time and the Path to War
16.2.10. The ‘Seventy Years War’
Bibliography
Index of References
Index of Authors
Index of Subjects