Front Cover
A Guide to Hazard Identification Methods
Copyright
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Disclaimer
Acronyms and abbreviations
SI units
Chapter 1: Regulatory framework
1.1. Overview
1.2. Background
Background in United Kingdom
Evolution European Union
1.3. Features of Seveso III Directive
Land-use planning
Other areas
Appendix
References
Chapter 2: A guide to Hazard Identification Methods
2.1. Hazard Identification
Ground rules
Interlinking
Chapter 3: Hazard Studies
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Definition
3.3. Description
Study 0: Inherent safety
Study 1: Concept stage hazard review
Study 2: FEED/process definition
Study 3: Detailed engineering design
Study 4: Construction/design verification
Study 5: Precommissioning safety review
Study 6: Post-start-up review
Study 7: Decommissioning and demolition
3.4. Resource requirements
Manpower
Documentation
3.5. Timing
3.6. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Uncertainties:
3.7. Applications
References
Further reading
Chapter 4: Hazard and operability study (HAZOP)
4.1. Definition
4.2. Description
Specification
The team
The leader/facilitator
Preparation
Analysis during the meetings
The report
4.3. Resource requirements
Manpower
Data
4.4. Timing
4.5. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
4.6. Applications
Other readings
References
Chapter 5: HAZID
5.1. Precautionary comment
5.2. Definition
5.3. Description
To/On
Effect
5.4. Resources
Preliminaries
5.5. Manpower
Data
5.6. Timing
5.7. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Weaknesses
Uncertainties
Worksheets
5.8. Methodology
Appendix
Task to be carried out
Helicopter lift HAZID
References
Further reading
Chapter 6: Task analysis
6.1. Definition
6.2. Description
6.3. Resources required
6.4. Timing
6.5. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
6.6. Application
Operation of task analysis
Hierarchical task analysis
Illustrative example
On-line cooling tower inspection-Task analysis for Permit to Work (PtW)
Pre-inspection
Preliminary tasks and checks
Clean up
Reality check on risk assessment
References
Further reading
Chapter 7: Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
7.1. Definition
7.2. Description
7.3. Resource requirements
7.4. Timing
7.5. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
7.6. Example
Definitions and abbreviations
References
Chapter 8: Relative ranking
8.1. Definition
8.2. Description
8.3. Resource requirements
8.4. Timing
8.5. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
8.6. Applications for relative ranking methods
8.7. Example of the Dow FEI [1]
8.8. Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 9: The risk analysis screening tool (RAST)*
9.1. Definition
9.2. Description
Using RAST
9.3. Resources
9.4. Timing
9.5. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
9.6. Example of a RAST evaluation
Indoor blending operation for manufacture of inks and dyes
References
Further reading
Chapter 10: Checklists
10.1. Definition
10.2. Description
10.3. Resource requirements
Manpower
Software
Data
Timing
10.4. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
10.5. Applications
10.6. Examples
Example 10.1
Detailed design process
Example 10.2
Example 10.3
References
Chapter 11: What if?
11.1. Definition
11.2. Description
11.3. Resource requirements
11.4. Timing
11.5. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
11.6. Applications
References
Chapter 12: Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA)
12.1. Definition
12.2. Description
12.3. Resource requirements
12.4. Timing
12.5. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
12.6. Applications
Example 12.1
Example 12.2
References
Chapter 13: Fault tree analysis
13.1. Definition
13.2. Description
13.3. Resource requirements
Software
Failure rate data
Probabilities
13.4. Timing
13.5. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
Applications
13.6. Failure rate or reliability data and common mode (cause) failure
Shut down systems
13.7. Example
Checklists for review of consultants results
Fault trees and event trees
References
Chapter 14: Event tree analysis
14.1. Definition
14.2. Description
14.3. Resources required
14.4. Timing
14.5. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
Applications
14.6. Availability assessment
14.7. Example
References
Chapter 15: Risk assessment
15.1. Reason for and background to this chapter
15.2. Description
Definitions
15.3. Resource requirements
Materials
Manpower
15.4. Timing
15.5. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
15.6. Understanding the models
Outflow (source models)
Gas dispersion
General introduction and background
Meteorology
Stabilities
Basic turbulent dispersion model
Inversions
Safe havens
Fires
General introduction and background
Fuel/air/ignition
Flammability envelope
Ignition energy
Sources of ignition
Auto ignition
Chemical reaction
Compression
Flame/spark
Permanent electrical equipment
Static electricity
Splash filling
Droplets
Other sources of static electricity
Grain silos
Drive belts
Filters
Variation on a theme
Heat flux
Explosions
General introduction and background
Other forms of explosions
Bursting vessels
Rapid-phase transformation
Compressor houses
Pressure piling
Explosions in reactors
Detonations
Explosions in houses
Explosions in ducts
Military explosives
Finally
15.7. Checklists for review of consultants or users results
Prevention
Detection
Control
Mitigation
Emergency response
Leak rate
Dispersion
Fires
Explosions
References
Useful reading
Chapter 16: Vulnerability
16.1. Human vulnerability
Introduction
What are the assaults and routes?
Beware the unexpected
Toxic doses
Other doses
Low oxygen partial pressure
Other effects
Mutagenicity
Teratatogenicity
Carcinogenic materials
Other harmful materials
Physical protection
Safe refuges
Probits
Design it out
Noise
Leakage
Reduce the impact
Noise
Leakage
16.2. Human factors/reliability
Skill-based errors
Rule-based mistakes
Knowledge-based mistakes
Experience and skills
Psychological make-up
Stresses
Information overload
Mind set
Cognitive dissonance
Panic
Confusion
Complacency
Training
Other readings on human factors
16.3. Human factors-An example
The process
16.4. Vulnerability equipment
Effects on materials
Chapter 17: Safety audits
17.1. Definition
17.2. Description
17.3. Resources
17.4. Timing
17.5. Advantages, disadvantage and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
17.6. Applications
Background
Types of audit
Audit steps
Sampling data
Identification of a `noncompliance
Formulating a judgement or conclusion
The audit process
Terms of reference and scope
Implementation
Organisation-based sampling/data gathering
Draft report
Final report
Follow-up
Techniques for gathering data
17.7. Examples
A simple audit
A more complex audit
Terms of reference
References
Chapter 18: Bow-tie diagrams
18.1. Definition
18.2. Description
18.3. Resource requirements
Manpower
Data
Software
Timing
18.4. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
18.5. Example
Storage tank overfilling
The Why? Question
Dialogue for Buncefield bow-tie
References
Chapter 19: Process hazard review (PHR)
19.1. Definition
19.2. Description
19.3. Resource requirements
19.4. Timing
19.5. Advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uncertainties
19.6. Use of PHR
Further reading
Appendices
Appendix A: An example of hazard studies during a modification used in a nonchemical environment
A1.1. The problem
Preliminary hazard reviews, prior to budget approval (PHS 0 and 1)
Design stage reviews (PHS studies 2 and 3)
PHS Study 3 detailed design
Construction and pre-start-up studies (PHS studies 4 and 5)
Postcompletion (PHS 6 and beyond)
Appendix B: Example of application of hazard identification techniques during the life cycle of a large continuous process
B1.1. Example plant
Preliminary hazard reviews, prior to budget approval (PHS 0 and 1)
Design stage reviews (PHS studies 2 and 3)
Construction and precommissioning studies (PHS 4 and 5)
Post-start-up studies (PHS 6 and beyond)
B1.2. Some illustrations of study details and outcomes
Preliminary hazard reviews, prior to budget approval (PHS 0 and 1)
Checklists for PHS 0
Environmental impact
Inherent safety
Acetylene removal
H2S removal
What-if at PHS 0
PHS 1
Design stage reviews (PHS studies 2 and 3)
What-if study
H2S removal
Construction and precommissioning studies (PHS 4 and 5)
Post-start-up studies (PHS 6 and beyond)
Appendix C: Example of application of hazard identification techniques during the life cycle of a batch process
C1.1. The project
Preliminary hazard studies (PHS 0-2)
Design stage study (PHS study 3)
Construction and precommissioning study (PHS 4 and 5)
Post-start-up studies (PHS 6 and beyond)
Index
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