Up until the 1950s, waste disposal meant discharging it to the nearest river, burning it up or shipping it out to sea. Now we are paying the price. Current disposal and cleanup regulations have a different focus: correcting the problems caused by earlier misguided attitudes and maintaining a non-deg
A Guide to Environmental Chemistry
β Scribed by Fiscal R.R.
- Publisher
- Arcler Press
- Year
- 2023
- Tongue
- English
- Leaves
- 283
- Category
- Library
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
β¦ Synopsis
Environmental chemistry involves the study of biochemical factors that exist in nature. It includes a comprehension of how the unpolluted environment functions, which naturally existing compounds are available, in what amounts, and with what impacts. Without this, it may be difficult to concentrate on the impacts on people to the environment with the discharge of chemical elements. It is a multidisciplinary science that, notwithstanding chemistry, includes physical science, agriculture, public health, sanitary engineering, material science, etc. This volume researches the sources, responses, transport, impacts, and purpose of chemical species in the air, water, and lands, and the impact of human activities on different sections, like the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. The goal of environmental chemistry education is to edify the general population about the significance of protecting our environment, and the need to limit human activities causing indiscriminate discharge of contaminants into the environment. Currently, different environmental factors exist that threaten the existence of humanity on the planet. Some environmental chemical issues include the 1952 London smog killing around 4000 individuals, the Mediterranean Sea transforming into the Dead Sea during the 1950s incapable of supporting sea life, and corrosion of the white Taj Mahal marble in India.
β¦ Table of Contents
Cover
Half Title
A Guide to Environmental Chemistry
Copyright
About the Author
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
Abstract
Preface
1. Classification of the Environment
Contents
1.1. Troposphere
1.2. Structure of the Troposphere
1.2.1. The Composition
1.2.2. Pressure
1.2.3. Temperature
1.2.4. The Tropopause
1.3. Atmospheric Flow in the Troposphere
1.3.1. The Three Cell Model
1.3.2. The Zonal Flow in the Troposphere
1.3.3. Meridional Flow
1.3.4. Stratosphere
1.4. Structure of the Stratosphere
1.4.1. Composition
1.4.2. The Ozone Layer
1.4.3. Temperature
1.4.4. Pressure
1.5. Flight in the Stratosphere
1.6. Circulation and Mixing of Components in the Stratosphere
1.7. Existence of Life in the Stratosphere
1.8. Mesosphere
1.9. Structure of the Mesosphere
1.9.1. Dynamic Features of the Mesosphere
1.9.2. Temperature at the Mesosphere
1.9.3. Exploration of the Mesosphere
1.10. Thermosphere
1.11. Structure of the Thermosphere
1.11.1. Composition
1.11.2. Temperature
1.11.3. Neutral Gas Constituents of the Thermosphere
1.11.4. Energy Input in the Thermosphere
1.11.5. Dynamics of the Thermosphere
1.11.6. Thermospheric Storms
1.12. Exosphere
1.12.1. The Structure of the Exosphere
1.12.2. Earthβs Exosphere
1.13. Hydrosphere
1.13.1. Diversifying the Hydrosphere
1.13.2. The Water Cycle
1.13.3. Impact of Humans on the Hydrosphere
1.14. Lithosphere
1.14.1. Parts of the Lithosphere
1.14.2. The Mantle Xenoliths
1.15. Biosphere
2. Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming
Contents
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Natural Occurring Greenhouse Gases
2.2.1. Carbon Dioxide
2.2.2. Methane
2.2.3. Nitrous Oxide
2.3. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases
2.3.1. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
2.3.2. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
2.3.3. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
2.4. Other Greenhouse Gases
2.4.1. Halogenated Species
2.4.2. Sulfur-Containing Gases
2.5. Ozone
2.6. Tropospheric Ozone
2.7. Global Warming Potential (GWP)
2.8. Emission Metrics
3. Environmental Water Pollution
Contents
3.1. Water Contamination Causes
3.2. Categories Of Water Pollution
3.2.1. Water in the Subsurface
3.2.2. There is a Body of Water on the Surface
3.2.3. The Water Surrounds the Coast
3.2.4. A Centralized Point of Contact
3.2.5. There is an Amorphous Source Involved
3.3. The Long-Term Consequences of Water Pollution
3.3.1. What Effect Dirty Water Has on Human Health?
3.3.2. Natureβs Response When Animals and Plants Drink Contaminated Water
3.4. Summary
4. Chemistry of Organic Pollutants
Contents
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The Chemistry of Organic Pollutants and How Itβs Changing
4.3. Environmental Chemistry and Management
4.4. Organic Pollutants: Their Types and Properties Dischargesβ Source and Occurrence
4.5. Organic Pollutants: Classification and Characteristics
4.6. Organic Pollutants that Remain Persistent and Endocrine Disruptors
4.7. The Environmentβs Characteristics
4.8. Organic Pollutants in Solid Samples
4.9. POPs that Are Extremely Dangerous and Persistent Pollutants
4.10. Concerning Pollutant Emissions (POPS)
4.11. Pathways that PCBS May Enter
4.12. The Total Quantity of-HCH Produced
4.13. Discussion
4.14. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons that Create Pollution
4.15. Pollution Spread Over the Planet
4.16. Polychlorinated Biphenyl Pollution
4.16.1. Patterns of Emission and Concentration
4.16.2. There is a Lot of Pollution in Europe
4.16.3. The Air in the Arctic is Dense with Pollutants
4.16.4. Patterns of Emission and Concentration
4.16.5. There is a Lot of Pollution in Europe
4.16.6. The Air in the Arctic is Dense with Pollutants
4.16.7. A Worldwide Problem
4.17. What are the Long-Term Consequences of POPS For Humans and Animals?
4.17.1. How Food is Consumed and How People Get Sick?
4.17.2. Science and Its Importance
4.17.3. Containers for POPs
4.17.4. The Great Lakes Region: Triumph and Tragedy
4.18. DDT and its Opponents
4.19. Conclusions
5. Secondary Pollutants
Contents
5.1. Transformation of DDT to DDE
5.2. Change Process
5.3. The Application of Anophelines
5.4. Case Study
5.5. Enzyme Extract Preparation
5.6. Enzyme Arrangements Analysis
5.7. Arsenic Speciation
5.7.1. Introduction
5.7.2. Test Readiness and Extraction of Arsenic Species
5.8. Separation
5.8.1. Anion Swap Liquid Chromatography
5.8.2. Cation Exchange Fluid Chromatography
5.8.3. Reverse-Phase Fluid Chromatography
5.8.4. Ion Pair Chromatography
5.8.5. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography
5.8.6. Size Exclusion Chromatography
5.9. Discovery
5.10. Technique Approval
5.10.1. Arsenic Species Recovery from Separation Columns
5.10.2. Standard Reference Materials
5.11. Conclusion
6. Tropospheric Ozone Pollution
Contents
6.1. Composition
6.2. Temperature
6.3. Altitude
6.4. Tropopause
6.5. What Does Ozone Mean?
6.6. Where Does Ozone Come From?
6.7. Who is at Risk From Breathing Ozone?
6.8. The Effects of Ozone Pollution on Your Health
6.8.1. What Are Ozoneβs Health Effects?
6.9. EPA Concludes Ozone Pollution Poses Serious Health Threats (2013)
6.10. Low-Level Ozone in Urban Areas
6.11. Measurement
6.12. Role in the Formation of Ground-Level Ozone
6.13. Indoor Pollution
6.14. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
6.15. Indoor Air Quality Measurements
6.15.1. How Indoor VOC Emissions are Regulated?
6.15.2. Health Dangers
6.16. Ozone and the Climate
7. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Contents
7.1. Ozone Production, Reactions, and Depletion
7.2. Formation
7.3. Reaction
7.4. Destruction
7.5. Ozone Catalytic Reactions
7.6. Polar Stratospheric Chemistry
7.6.1. Polar Stratospheric Clouds
7.6.2. Observations of Mountain Wave Clouds
7.6.3. Heterogeneous Nucleation
7.6.4. Uptake of HCl into PSCs
7.6.5. Polar Stratospheric Clouds and Ozone Depletion
7.6.6. Ozone in Polar Regions
8. Radioactive Compounds in Soil, Water, and Atmosphere
Contents
8.1. Forms of Radioactivity
8.2. The Isomeric States Are Malleable
8.3. Capturing Electrons
8.4. Radioactivity Discovered
8.5. Radioactive Materials Enter The Human Body in a Variety of Ways .205
8.6. Radioactive Chemicals are Present in the Atmosphere
8.7. Radioactive Compounds in Soil
8.8. Three Types of Radiation Ionization
8.9. Contact With Alpha Emitters
8.10. Exposure to Beta and Photon Emitters
8.11. Radioactive Tracers
8.12. Cancer Therapy
8.13. Do You Know What to Do After Evacuating?
8.14. Radioactive Compounds in Water
8.15. How to Control Radioactive Pollution
9. Pollution Control Using Accelerated Biodegradation
Contents
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Biodegradation
9.3. In-Situ Bioremediation
9.4. Ex-Situ Bioremediation
10. Green Chemistry
Contents
10.1. Principles of Green Chemistry
10.2. Benefits of Green Chemistry
10.2.1. Human Health
10.2.2. Environment
10.2.3. Business and Economy
10.3. The Green Chemistry Challenge
10.4. Funding for Green Chemistry
10.5. The Safer Chemical Ingredient List
Bibliography
Index
Cover back
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