A Grammar of Cheke Holo

✍ Scribed by Frederil Alvin Boswel

• Publisher: LOT
• Year: 2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 334
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

1 Introduction to the language
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic overview of the language setting
1.3 Background research and methodological approach
1.4 Notes on the socio-cultural aspects of the CH people
1.4.1 The impact of the Anglican church
1.4.2 Sources of livelihood
1.4.3 Clans and origins
1.4.4 Land ownership
1.5 Language use and viability
1.5.1 Contexts of use and language choice
1.5.2 Multilingualism and language attitudes
1.5.3 Viability
1.5.4 Loan words
1.6 Previous linguistic investigations of Cheke Holo
1.7 Investigative materials on other Isabel languages
1.8 Summary of this grammatical description
2 Phonology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Phoneme charts
2.3 Description of the contrastive features of phonemes
2.3.1 Consonants
Stops and Affricates
Fricatives
Nasals
Lateral approximants and trills
2.3.2 Vowels
Vowel contrasts
2.4 Allophony
2.4.1 Phoneme /r/
2.4.2 Vowel realized as glide: /i/ -> [j]
2.4.3 Vowel realized as glide: /u/ -> [w]
2.5 Syllable patterns
2.6 Consonant clusters
2.7 Vowel sequences
2.8 Glide formation
2.9 Stress
2.9.1 Stress in underived root words
2.9.2 Stress in morphologically complex words
2.10 Argumentation for the presence of clitics
2.11 Phonological considerations in nominalization
2.12 Reduplication
2.12.1 Full reduplication
2.12.2 Partial, or “White’s rule” reduplication
2.12.3 Syllable reduplication
2.12.3.1 Reduplication of vowel-initial words
2.12.3.2 Aspiration
2.12.3.3 Voicing alternations on nasals
2.12.3.4 Multiple reduplicated forms
2.13 Orthographic conventions
2.13.1 Orthography of this book and its history
2.13.2 Bosma’s suggested revised orthography
2.13.3 Affirmation of historical representation
2.13.4 A further revision?
2.14 Summary
3 Nominals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nouns
3.2.1 Semantic and morphosyntactic classification
3.2.2 Morphosyntactic criteria to distinguish nouns
3.2.3 Alienable and inalienable nouns
3.2.4 Common nouns that refer to people
3.2.4.1 People in general
3.2.4.2 Females
3.2.4.3 Male
3.2.5 Proper nouns
3.2.5.1 People’s names
3.2.5.2 CH nouns referring to an individual’s role or status
3.2.5.3 Geographical names
3.2.5.4 Terms related to roles within the Church of Melanesia (COM)
3.2.6 Kinship nouns
3.2.6.1 Descent group
3.2.6.2 Family
3.2.6.3 Parents
3.2.6.4 Child
3.2.6.5 Spouse
3.2.6.6 Siblings
3.2.6.7 In-laws
3.2.6.8 Aunt and uncle
3.2.6.9 Grandparent
3.2.6.10 Grandchild
3.2.7 Compound nouns
3.2.8 Count and mass nouns
3.2.9 Borrowed nouns
3.2.10 Temporal nouns
3.3 Pronouns
3.3.1 General information
3.3.2 Singular pronouns
3.3.3 Non-singular pronouns
3.3.4 Emphatic and reflexive pronouns
3.3.5 The expression of reciprocity
3.3.6 Indefinite pronouns
3.3.7 Demonstrative pronouns
3.4 Summary
4 Verbs
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structural features
4.2.1 Reduplication
4.2.2 Direct object marking enclitics
4.2.3 Causative fa-
4.2.3.1 Transitive verb derivation
4.2.3.2 Derivation of verbs from adjectives
4.2.3.3 Reduplication of causative verbs
4.2.3.4 Causation in serial verb constructions
4.2.4 Completive aspect marking enclitics hi and hila
4.2.5 Continuative aspect marking enclitic u
4.2.6 Verb classes
4.2.6.1 Transitive verbs
4.2.6.2 Intransitive verbs
4.2.7 Ambitransitive verbs
4.2.8 Semantically defined verb classes
4.2.8.1 Weather expressions
4.2.8.2 States of being verbs
4.2.8.3 Involuntary process verbs
4.2.8.4 Bodily function verbs
4.2.8.5 Motion verbs
4.2.8.6 Position verbs
4.2.8.7 Action verbs
4.2.8.8 Action process verbs
4.2.8.9 Factive verbs
4.2.8.10 Cognition verbs
4.2.8.11 Sensory experience verbs
4.2.8.12 Utterance verbs
4.2.8.13 Manipulation verbs
4.2.8.14 Comparison of CH semantically-motivated verbal classes
4.2.9 Summary
5 Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions
5.1 Adjectives
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Age descriptor adjectives
5.1.3 Dimension descriptor adjectives
5.1.4 Value descriptor adjectives
5.1.5 Color descriptor adjectives
5.1.6 Physical characteristics descriptor adjectives
5.1.7 Human propensity descriptor adjectives
5.1.8 Summary
5.2 Adverbs
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Modality adverbs
5.2.3 Directional adverbs
5.2.4 Epistemic adverbs
5.2.5 Summary
5.3 Prepositions
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Preposition ka ‘at, in, for, by, on (LOC)’
5.3.3 Other prepositions
5.3.4 Summary
6 Other Word Classes
6.1 Conjunctions
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Conjunctions grouped by function
6.2 Interjections
6.3 Determiners
6.3.1 Demonstratives
6.3.1.1 Demonstrative adjectives: Introduction
6.3.1.2 ‘na’ Demonstratives: Type One
6.3.1.3 ‘igne’ Demonstratives: Type Two
6.3.1.4 ‘ao’ Demonstratives: Type Three
6.3.1.5 ‘u’ Demonstrative: Type Four
6.3.1.6 Demonstrative pronouns
6.3.1.7 Summary
6.4 Interrogatives
6.5 Quantifiers and numerals
6.5.1 Quantifiers
6.5.2 Numerals
6.5.2.1 Cardinal numbers
6.5.2.2 Ordinal numbers
6.5.3 Summary of discussion of quantifiers and numerals
6.6 Summary of chapter
7 Noun Phrase
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Structure of the noun phrase
7.3 Head of a noun phrase
7.4 Minimal noun phrase
7.5 Modifiers of the noun phrase
7.5.1 Possession
7.5.1.1 Introduction
7.5.1.2 Alienable noun possession
7.5.1.3 Inalienable noun possession
7.5.1.4 Event experiencer possession
7.5.1.5 Possession of negativity
7.5.1.6 Specificity marked by possession construction
7.5.2 Quantifiers and numerals
7.5.3 Focus marker
7.5.4 Adjectives
7.5.5 Determiners
7.5.6 Relative clauses
7.6 Noun phrase coordination
7.7 Summary
8 Verb Phrase
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Head of a verb phrase
8.3 Structure of the verb phrase
8.3.1 Pre-verbal elements
8.3.1.1 Inceptive aspect marker me
8.3.1.2 Immediate aspect marker la
8.3.1.3 Pre-head adverbs
8.3.1.4 Tense: Introduction
8.3.1.5 Past tense marker
8.3.1.6 Non-past
8.3.1.7 Auxiliary time markers te ‘non-past’, and teke ‘past’
8.3.1.8 Verbal negation theome
8.3.2 Post-verbal elements
8.3.2.1 Direct object enclitics and objects
8.3.2.2 Post-head adverbs
8.3.2.3 Completive aspect enclitic hi(la)
8.3.2.4 Continuative aspect enclitic u
8.3.2.5 Inceptive and continuative aspect marker meu
8.3.2.6 Non-specific aspect markers n̄a and n̄au
8.4 Variable verbal positioning: immediate aspect marker la
8.5 Verb phrase coordination
8.6 Summary
9 The Clause
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Constituent order
9.2.1 Subjects
9.2.2 Objects
9.2.3 Oblique constituents
9.3 Clause types
9.3.1 Copular verbal clauses
9.3.1.1 Copular verb au ‘exist/be.at’
9.3.1.2 Copular verb theo ‘not.exist/not.be’
9.3.1.3 Copular verb jateu(la) ‘be like something’
9.3.2 Non-verbal clauses
9.3.2.1 Non-verbal clauses with adjectival predicates
9.3.3 Imperative clauses
9.3.4 Interrogatives
9.3.4.1 Yes-No questions
9.3.4.2 Content questions
9.3.5 Negative clauses
9.3.6 Relation between two nominal phrases
9.4 More on clause combinations
9.4.1 Introduction
9.4.2 Subordinate clauses
9.4.2.1 Adverbial purpose clause with mala and e ‘purpose’
9.4.2.2 Adverbial time clause with kate ‘when’
9.4.2.3 Adverbial time clause with ame ‘before’
9.4.2.4 Adverbial reason clause with naugna ‘because’
9.4.2.5 Adverbial concessive clause with neubane ‘even though’
9.4.2.6 Adverbial counterfactual clause with na egu nu ‘otherwise/lest’
9.4.2.7 Adverbial conditional clauses with ne n̄a nu ‘if…then’
9.4.3 Serial verbs
9.4.4 Clause conjoining through juxtaposition
9.4.5 Clause conjoining with linking devices
9.5 Information presentation
9.5.1 Quotative egu
9.5.2 Focus marker si
9.5.3 Pragmatic emphasis marker e
9.6 Summary
Appendix A: Cheke Holo Texts
A.1 Narrative
A.2 Procedural
A.3 Condolence
A.4 Thoutonu Photo, or Historical Narrative
A.5 Thoutonu Tifa, or Custom Story
A.6 Poem
Appendix B: Catalogue of Texts Corpus
Bibliography
Summary in English
Samenvatting in het Nederlands
Curriculum Vitae
Blank Page
Blank Page