Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
PART I: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS......Page 17
Speech Production ......Page 18
Sound Waves ......Page 22
Places Of Articulatory Gestures ......Page 24
The Oro-Nasal Process ......Page 29
Stop......Page 30
The Waveforms Of Consonants ......Page 33
The Articulation Of Vowel Sounds ......Page 35
The Sounds Of Vowels ......Page 37
Suprasegmentals ......Page 39
Exercises ......Page 41
CHAPTER 2 Phonology and Phonetic Transcription......Page 49
The Transcription Of Consonants ......Page 51
The Transcription Of Vowels ......Page 54
Consonant And Vowel Charts ......Page 58
Phonology ......Page 61
Exercises ......Page 64
Performance Exercises ......Page 68
PART II ENGLISH PHONETICS......Page 71
CHAPTER 3 The Consonants of English......Page 72
Stop Consonants ......Page 73
Fricatives ......Page 81
Nasals ......Page 83
Approximants ......Page 84
Overlapping Gestures ......Page 85
Rules For English Consonant Allophones ......Page 88
Exercises ......Page 93
Performance Exercises ......Page 98
Transcription And Phonetic Dictionaries ......Page 101
Vowel Quality ......Page 103
The Auditory Vowel Space ......Page 104
American And British Vowels ......Page 105
Diphthongs ......Page 108
Rhotic Vowels ......Page 110
Unstressed Syllables ......Page 112
Tense And Lax Vowels ......Page 114
Rules For English Vowel Allophones ......Page 116
Exercises ......Page 118
Performance Exercises ......Page 121
Words In Connected Speech ......Page 123
Stress ......Page 127
Degrees Of Stress ......Page 129
Sentence Rhythm ......Page 132
Intonation ......Page 134
Target Tones ......Page 143
Exercises ......Page 147
Performance Exercises ......Page 150
PART III GENERAL PHONETICS......Page 151
Airstream Mechanisms ......Page 152
States Of The Glottis ......Page 164
Voice Onset Time ......Page 167
Summary Of Actions Of The Glottis ......Page 172
Exercises ......Page 173
Performance Exercises ......Page 176
Articulatory Targets ......Page 179
Types Of Articulatory Gestures ......Page 188
Summary Of Manners Of Articulation ......Page 196
Exercises ......Page 197
Performance Exercises ......Page 199
Source/ Filter Theory ......Page 203
Tube Models ......Page 206
Perturbation Theory ......Page 208
Acoustic Analysis ......Page 209
Acoustics Of Consonants ......Page 214
Interpreting Spectrograms ......Page 220
Individual Differences ......Page 228
Exercises ......Page 231
Cardinal Vowels ......Page 233
Secondary Cardinal Vowels ......Page 238
Vowels In Other Accents Of English ......Page 240
Vowels In Other Languages ......Page 242
Advanced Tongue Root ......Page 244
Rhotacized Vowels ......Page 245
Nasalization ......Page 247
Semivowels ......Page 248
Secondary Articulatory Gestures ......Page 250
Exercises ......Page 253
Performance Exercises ......Page 254
Syllables ......Page 259
Stress ......Page 265
Length ......Page 267
Timing ......Page 268
Intonation And Tone ......Page 270
Stress, Tone, And Pitch Accent Languages ......Page 276
Exercises ......Page 277
Performance Exercises ......Page 279
Phonetics Of The Community And Of The Individual ......Page 283
The International Phonetic Alphabet ......Page 284
Feature Hierarchy ......Page 288
A Problem With Linguistic Explanations ......Page 293
Controlling Articulatory Movements ......Page 294
Memory For Speech ......Page 297
The Balance Between Phonetic Forces ......Page 300
Performance Exercises ......Page 302
Appendix A: Additional Material for Transcription......Page 309
Appendix B: Suggestions for Contributors to the Journal of the International Phonetic Association......Page 311
Notes......Page 315
Glossary......Page 321
Further Reading......Page 329
Index......Page 333
