Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface
Brief Contents
Contents
Why Study Logic?
PART I : INFORMAL LOGIC
1. Basic Concepts
1.1 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions
1.2 Recognizing Arguments
1.3 Deduction and Induction
1.4 Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency
1.5 Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity
1.6 Extended Arguments
2. Language: Meaning and Definition
2.1 Varieties of Meaning
2.2 The Intension and Extension of Terms
2.3 Definitions and Their Purposes
2.4 Definitional Techniques
2.5 Criteria for Lexical Definitions
3. Informal Fallacies
3.1 Fallacies in General
3.2 Fallacies of Relevance
3.3 Fallacies of Weak Induction
3.4 Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Illicit Transference
3.5 Fallacies in Ordinary Language
PART II : FORMAL LOGIC
4. Categorical Propositions
4.1 The Components of Categorical Propositions
4.2 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution
4.3 Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition
4.4 Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition
4.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition
4.6 Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint
4.7 Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form
5. Categorical Syllogisms
5.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure
5.2 Venn Diagrams
5.3 Rules and Fallacies
5.4 Reducing the Number of Terms
5.5 Ordinary Language Arguments
5.6 Enthymemes
5.7 Sorites
6. Propositional Logic
6.1 Symbols and Translation
6.2 Truth Functions
6.3 Truth Tables for Propositions
6.4 Truth Tables for Arguments
6.5 Indirect Truth Tables
6.6 Argument Forms and Fallacies
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic
7.1 Rules of Implication I
7.2 Rules of Implication II
7.3 Rules of Replacement I
7.4 Rules of Replacement II
7.5 Conditional Proof
7.6 Indirect Proof
7.7 Proving Logical Truths
8. Predicate Logic
8.1 Symbols and Translation
8.2 Using the Rules of Inference
8.3 Quantifier Negation Rule
8.3 Quantifier Negation Rule
8.4 Conditional and Indirect Proof
8.5 Proving Invalidity
8.6 Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers
8.7 Identity
PART I1I : INDUCTIVE LOGIC
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning
9.1 Analogical Reasoning
9.2 Legal Reasoning
9.3 Moral Reasoning
10. Causality and Mill's Methods
10.1 "Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
10.2 Mill's Five Methods
10.3 Mill's Methods and Science
11. Probability
11.1 Theories of Probability
11.2 The Probability Calculus
12. Statistical Reasoning
12.1 Evaluating Statistics
12.2 Samples
12.3 The Meaning of "Average"
12.4 Dispersion
12.5 Graphs and Pictograms
12.6 Percentages
13. Hypothetical/ Scientific Reasoning
13.1 The Hypothetical Method
13.2 Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science
13.3 The Proof of Hypotheses
13.4 The Tentative Acceptance of Hypotheses
14. Science and Superstition
14.1 Distinguishing between Science and Superstition
14.2 Evidentiary Support
14.3 Objectivity
14.4 Integrity
14.5 Concluding Remarks
Answers to Selected Exercises
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1.1
1.2
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1.5
1.6
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Glossary/Index
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