4G: LTE LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband

✍ Scribed by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2011
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 430
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Based on the bestseller "3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband" and reflecting the ongoing success of LTE throughout the world, this book focuses on LTE with full updates including LTE-Advanced to provide a complete picture of the LTE system. Overview and detailed explanations are given for the latest LTE standards for radio interface architecture, the physical layer, access procedures, broadcast, relaying, spectrum and RF characteristics, and system performance. Key technologies presented include multi-carrier transmission, advanced single-carrier transmission, advanced receivers, OFDM, MIMO and adaptive antenna solutions, advanced radio resource management and protocols, and different radio network architectures. Their role and use in the context of mobile broadband access in general is explained. Both a high-level overview and more detailed step-by-step explanations of the LTE/LTE-Advanced implementation are given. An overview of other related systems such as GSM/EDGE, HSPA, CDMA2000, and WIMAX is also provided. This book is a 'must-have' resource for engineers and other professionals in the telecommunications industry, working with cellular or wireless broadband technologies, giving an understanding of how to utilize the new technology in order to stay ahead of the competition. The authors of the book all work at Ericsson Research and have been deeply involved in 3G and 4G development and standardisation since the early days of 3G research. They are leading experts in the field and are today still actively contributing to the standardisation of LTE within 3GPP.  Includes full details of the latest additions to the LTE Radio Access standards and technologies up to and including 3GPP Release 10Clear explanations of the role of the underlying technologies for LTE, including OFDM and MIMO Full coverage of LTE-Advanced, including LTE carrier aggregation, extended multi-antenna transmission, relaying functionality and heterogeneous deploymentsLTE radio interface architecture, physical layer, access procedures, MBMS, RF characteristics and system performance covered in detail

✦ Table of Contents

4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband......Page 1
Copyright......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Acknowledgements......Page 5
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 6
Introduction......Page 14
Evolution of Mobile Systems Before LTE......Page 15
The First 3G Standardization......Page 16
IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced......Page 17
Spectrum for IMT Systems......Page 19
Drivers for LTE......Page 20
The Standardization Process......Page 21
The 3GPP Process......Page 22
The 3G Evolution to 4G......Page 24
High Data Rates: Fundamental Constraints......Page 27
High Data Rates in Noise-Limited Scenarios......Page 29
Higher Data Rates in Interference-Limited Scenarios......Page 30
Higher Data Rates Within A Limited Bandwidth: Higher-Order Modulation......Page 31
Variations in Instantaneous Transmit Power......Page 32
Wider Bandwidth Including Multi-Carrier Transmission......Page 33
Multi-Carrier Transmission......Page 35
Basic Principles of OFDM......Page 38
OFDM Demodulation......Page 40
OFDM Implementation Using IFFT/FFT Processing......Page 41
Cyclic-Prefix Insertion......Page 43
Frequency-Domain Model of OFDM Transmission......Page 45
Channel Estimation and Reference Symbols......Page 46
Frequency Diversity with OFDM: Importance of Channel Coding......Page 47
Selection of Basic OFDM Parameters......Page 48
OFDM Subcarrier Spacing......Page 49
Number of Subcarriers......Page 50
Variations in Instantaneous Transmission Power......Page 51
OFDM as a User-Multiplexing and Multiple-Access Scheme......Page 52
Multi-Cell Broadcast/Multicast Transmission and OFDM......Page 54
Time-Domain Linear Equalization......Page 56
Frequency-Domain Equalization......Page 58
Other Equalizer Strategies......Page 60
Uplink FDMA with Flexible Bandwidth Assignment......Page 61
Basic Principles......Page 63
DFTS-OFDM Receiver......Page 65
Distributed DFTS-OFDM......Page 66
Multi-Antenna Configurations......Page 69
Multiple Receive Antennas......Page 70
Delay Diversity......Page 75
Diversity by Means of Space–Time Coding......Page 76
Transmitter-Side Beam-Forming......Page 78
Basic Principles......Page 81
Precoder-Based Spatial Multiplexing......Page 84
Nonlinear Receiver Processing......Page 85
Link Adaptation: Power and Rate Control......Page 88
Downlink Scheduling......Page 90
Uplink Scheduling......Page 94
Acquiring on Channel-State Information......Page 96
Traffic Behavior and Scheduling......Page 97
Advanced Retransmission Schemes......Page 98
Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining......Page 99
LTE Radio Access: An Overview......Page 103
Transmission Scheme......Page 104
Channel-Dependent Scheduling and Rate Adaptation......Page 105
Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining......Page 107
Flexibility in Duplex Arrangement......Page 108
Multicast and Broadcast Support......Page 110
LTE Release 10 and IMT-Advanced......Page 111
Extended Multi-Antenna Transmission......Page 112
Terminal Capabilities......Page 113
Core Network......Page 116
Radio Protocol Architecture......Page 118
Radio-Link Control......Page 120
Medium-Access Control......Page 122
Logical Channels and Transport Channels......Page 123
Scheduling......Page 125
Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining......Page 128
Physical Layer......Page 130
Control-Plane Protocols......Page 131
State Machine......Page 132
Overall Time–Frequency Structure......Page 134
CH009.pdf......Page 0
Normal Subframes and Mbsfn Subframes......Page 138
Carrier Aggregation......Page 139
Frequency-Domain Location Of LTE Carriers......Page 141
Duplex Schemes......Page 142
Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD)......Page 143
Time-Division Duplex (TDD)......Page 144
LTE and TD-SCDMA Coexistence......Page 147
Processing Steps......Page 149
CRC Insertion Per Transport Block......Page 150
Code-Block Segmentation and Per-Code-Block CRC Insertion......Page 151
Channel Coding......Page 152
Bit-Level Scrambling......Page 153
Antenna Mapping......Page 154
Localized and Distributed Resource Mapping......Page 155
Downlink Reference Signals......Page 158
Structure of a Single Reference Signal......Page 159
Multiple Reference Signals......Page 161
Demodulation Reference Signals......Page 162
CSI Reference Signals......Page 164
CSI-RS Structure......Page 165
Multi-Antenna Transmission......Page 167
Transmit Diversity for Two Antenna Ports......Page 169
Transmit Diversity for Four Antenna Ports......Page 170
Codebook-Based Precoding......Page 171
Closed-Loop Operation......Page 173
Open-Loop Operation......Page 174
Non-Codebook-Based Precoding......Page 175
MU-MIMO within Transmission Modes 8/9......Page 177
MU-MIMO Based on CRS......Page 178
Downlink L1/L2 Control Signaling......Page 179
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel......Page 180
Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel......Page 183
Physical Downlink Control Channel......Page 185
Downlink Scheduling Assignment......Page 187
Signaling of Downlink Resource-Block Allocations......Page 191
Signaling of Transport-Block Sizes......Page 193
Uplink Scheduling Grants......Page 195
Signaling of Uplink Resource-Block Allocations......Page 198
Carrier Aggregation and Cross-Carrier Scheduling......Page 199
PDCCH Processing......Page 201
Blind Decoding of PDCCHs......Page 205
Processing Steps......Page 209
Mapping to the Physical Resource......Page 211
Hopping Based on Cell-Specific Hopping/Mirroring Patterns......Page 213
Hopping Based on Explicit Hopping Information......Page 215
Uplink Demodulation Reference Signals......Page 216
Basic Principles of Uplink DM-RS......Page 217
Phase-Rotated Reference-Signal Sequences......Page 219
Reference-Signal Assignment to Cells......Page 220
Multiple Demodulation Reference Signals......Page 222
Periodic SRS Transmission......Page 223
Aperiodic SRS Transmission......Page 226
Precoder-Based Multi-Antenna Transmission for PUSCH......Page 227
Uplink Multi-User MIMO......Page 230
Uplink L1/L2 Control Signaling......Page 232
Uplink L1/L2 Control Signaling on PUCCH......Page 233
PUCCH Format 1......Page 235
PUCCH Format 2......Page 240
PUCCH Format 3......Page 242
Simultaneous Transmission of Multiple Feedback Reports......Page 244
Resource-Block Mapping for PUCCH......Page 247
Uplink L1/L2 Control Signaling on PUSCH......Page 248
Uplink Timing Alignment......Page 251
Retransmission Protocols......Page 253
Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining......Page 254
Uplink Hybrid ARQ......Page 257
Hybrid-ARQ Timing......Page 261
Radio-Link Control......Page 265
Segmentation, Concatenation, and Reassembly of RLC SDUs......Page 266
RLC Retransmission......Page 267
RLC Operation......Page 268
Uplink Power Control......Page 271
Uplink Power Control – Some Basic Rules......Page 272
Power Control for PUCCH......Page 273
Power Control for PUSCH......Page 275
Power Headroom......Page 277
Scheduling and Rate Adaptation......Page 278
Downlink Scheduling......Page 279
Uplink Scheduling......Page 281
Scheduling Requests and Buffer Status Reports......Page 283
Semi-Persistent Scheduling......Page 286
Scheduling for Half-Duplex FDD......Page 287
Channel-State Reporting......Page 288
Discontinuous Reception (DRX) and Component Carrier Deactivation......Page 293
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination......Page 296
Heterogeneous Network Deployments......Page 299
Interference Handling in a Heterogeneous Deployment......Page 300
Interference Coordination in the Case of Home-eNodeB......Page 305
Overview of LTE Cell Search......Page 306
PSS Structure......Page 308
System Information......Page 309
MIB and BCH Transmission......Page 310
System-Information Blocks......Page 313
Random Access......Page 315
Step 1: Random-Access Preamble Transmission......Page 317
PRACH Time–Frequency Resources......Page 318
Preamble Structure and Sequence Selection......Page 319
Preamble Sequence Generation......Page 320
Step 2: Random-Access Response......Page 322
Step 3: Terminal Identification......Page 323
Paging......Page 324
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services......Page 327
Architecture......Page 328
Overall Channel Structure and Physical-Layer Processing......Page 329
Scheduling of MBMS Services......Page 332
Relaying......Page 335
Relays in LTE......Page 336
Overall Architecture......Page 337
Backhaul Design for Inband Relaying......Page 338
Access-Link Hybrid-ARQ Operation......Page 339
Backhaul-Link Hybrid-ARQ Operation......Page 340
Backhaul Downlink Control Signaling......Page 341
Reference Signals for the Backhaul Link......Page 345
Backhaul–Access Link Timing......Page 346
Spectrum Defined for IMT Systems by the ITU-R......Page 350
Frequency Bands for LTE......Page 351
New Frequency Bands......Page 354
Flexible Spectrum USE......Page 355
Flexible Channel Bandwidth Operation......Page 356
Carrier Aggregation for LTE......Page 358
Multi-Standard Radio Base Stations......Page 362
Overview of RF Requirements for LTE......Page 364
Transmitter Characteristics......Page 365
Regional Requirements......Page 366
Band-Specific UE Requirements Through Network Signaling......Page 367
Base-Station Classes......Page 368
Transmitted Signal Quality......Page 369
Unwanted Emissions Requirements......Page 370
Base-Station Operating Band Unwanted Emission Limits......Page 371
UE Spectrum Emission Mask......Page 372
Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio......Page 373
Transmitter Intermodulation......Page 375
Receiver Susceptibility to Interfering Signals......Page 376
Performance Assessment......Page 379
End-User Perspective of Performance......Page 380
Performance in Terms of Peak Data Rates and Latency......Page 381
Performance Evaluation of LTE-Advanced......Page 382
Models and Assumptions......Page 383
Evaluation Criteria......Page 385
Performance Numbers for FDD......Page 386
Performance Numbers for TDD......Page 387
Conclusion......Page 389
HSPA......Page 390
Architecture......Page 392
Channel-Dependent Scheduling......Page 393
Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining......Page 394
Control-Plane Latency Reductions......Page 395
UTRA TDD......Page 396
GSM/EDGE......Page 397
Objectives for GSM/EDGE Evolution......Page 398
Multi-Carrier EDGE......Page 399
Reduced TTI and Fast Feedback......Page 400
Higher Symbol Rates......Page 401
Voice Service over Adaptive Multi-User Channels......Page 402
CDMA2000 and HRPD/1x EV-DO......Page 403
1x EV-DO Rev 0......Page 404
1x EV-DO Rev A......Page 405
IEEE 802.16e, Mobile WiMAX and 802.16 m......Page 406
IEEE 802.16e and Mobile WiMAX......Page 407
IEEE 802.16 m – WiMAX for IMT-Advanced......Page 409
Summary......Page 410
Where To Go in the Future?......Page 411
Network Energy Efficiency......Page 412
Machine-Type Communication......Page 413
Direct Device-to-Device Communication......Page 414
Concluding Remarks......Page 415
References......Page 416
Index......Page 422