3D Graphene: Fundamentals, Synthesis, and Emerging Applications

✍ Scribed by Gupta R.K. (ed.)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 434
• Series: Carbon Nanostructures
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, properties, and emerging applications of 3D graphene. It begins with an introduction to 3D graphene and covers the methods for synthesizing and printing 3D graphene. The book explores the characteristics of 3D graphene, including its morphology, surface area, and porosity, and the techniques used for characterizing it. Architectural and chemical aspects of 3D graphene for emerging applications are discussed, including energy storage, environmental remediation, and biosensing. The book reviews recent advancements in 3D graphene for electrochemical sensors, biosensors, and optical sensors, as well as its use in flexible sensors. It also covers the use of graphene-based materials for the remediation of hydrogen sulfide gas and the removal of inorganic pollutants and pharmaceutical residues. The book further explores the use of 3D graphene in metal-ion and metal-air batteries, flexible and wearable batteries, and high-performance supercapacitors. It also covers its use in photovoltaics, fuel cells, and as electrocatalysts and photocatalysts for water splitting. Additionally, the book discusses the use of 3D graphene in flexible electronics, capacitive de-ionization of water, and theranostic applications. Finally, the book addresses the toxicity, stability, recycling, and risk assessments of 3D graphene, providing a comprehensive understanding of the material's safety and sustainability considerations. Overall, this book is a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and students interested in the synthesis, properties, and applications of 3D graphene.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Carbon Nanostructures Series
3D Graphene: Fundamentals, Synthesis, and Emerging Applications
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Introduction to 3D Graphene
1. Classification of Graphene
1.1 3D Graphene Nanoribbons
1.2 3D Graphene Powder
1.3 3D Graphene Spheres
1.4 3D Graphene Fibers
1.5 3D Graphene with a Hierarchical Structure
1.6 3D Graphene Foam
1.7 3D Graphene Aerogel
2. Preparation of Graphene
2.1 CVD Growth of 3D Graphene
2.2 Preparation of 3D Graphene by Self-Assembly Method
2.3 3D Printing
2.4 3D Laser-Induced Graphene (3D LIG)
2.5 Pyrolytic Organic Precursors
3. Application of 3D Graphene
3.1 Energy Conversion
3.2 Energy Storage
3.3 Environment
3.4 Catalyst
3.5 Sensor
3.6 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
References
Synthesis and Printing of 3D Graphene
1. Introduction
2. Hydrothermal Method
3. Direct Self-Assembly of GO
4. Chemical Reduction Method
5. Cross-Linking Agents
5.1 Hydrogen Bonding
5.2 Multivalent Metal Ions
5.3 Biomacromolecules
6. Template-Based Method
6.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
6.2 Template-Directed Self-Assembly
6.3 Bubble-Based Method
7. 3D Printing
7.1 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
7.2 Inkjet Printing
7.3 Stereolithography (SLA)
8. Summary
References
Synthesis and Characteristics of 3D Graphene
1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of 3D Graphene
2.1 Template-Assisted Synthesis Methods
2.2 Template-Free Synthesis Methods
2.3 Scalable Production of 3D Graphene
2.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Architectural and Chemical Aspects of 3D Graphene for Emerging Applications
1. Introduction
2. Typical Architectures of 3D Graphene
2.1 3D Graphene Gels
2.2 3D Graphene Foams/Sponges
2.3 3D Graphene Membranes
3. Surface Chemistry of 3D Graphene
3.1 Doping Chemistry
3.2 Defect Chemistry
3.3 Pore Chemistry
3.4 Functionalization
4. 3D Graphene for Emerging Applications
4.1 Energy Storage
4.2 Energy Conversion
4.3 Solar Energy Utilization
4.4 Environmental Sensors and Remediation
5 Summary
References
Recent Advancements in 3D Graphene for Electrochemical Sensors
1. Introduction
2. Definition of 3D Graphene Materials
3. Synthesis Methods of 3D Graphene
4. Electrochemical Sensing of Different Analytes
4.1 Heavy Metal
4.2 Pesticide
4.3 Phenolic Compound
4.4 Biomarker Detection
4.5 Drug
4.6 Chiral Material
4.7 Dopamine
4.8 Glucose
4.9 Free Radicals
4.10 Ion
4.11 H2O2
5. Conclusion, Challenges, and Future Perspective
References
3D Graphene-Based Biosensors
1. 3D Material-Based Sensing Systems
1.1 Gold Nanoparticles
1.2 Zinc Oxide Nanowires
1.3 Polymer Nanofibers
1.4 Graphene
2. Fabrication of 3D Graphene-Based Biosensors
2.1 3D Printing
2.2 Exfoliation
2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
2.4 Electrodeposition
2.5 Folded Graphene
2.6 Directed Assembly
3. Application and Characterization of 3D Graphene-Based Biosensors
4. Comparative Sensing Performance of 3D Graphene-Based Biosensors
5. Future Outlook of 3D Graphene-Based Biosensors
References
3D Graphene-Based Optical Sensors
1. Introduction
2. 3D Graphene
3. 3D Graphene-Based Sensors
References
3D Graphene for Flexible Sensors
1. Introduction
2. Sensors
3. 3D Graphen-Based Flexible Sensors
3.1 Flexible Humidity Sensors
3.2 Flexible Electronic Sensors
3.3 Flexible Biological Sensors
3.4 Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors
3.5 Flexible Pressure Sensor
3.6 Flexible Strain Sensors
3.7 Flexible Temperature Sensor
4. Conclusion
References
Graphene-Based Materials for the Remediation of Hydrogen Sulfide Gas
1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of RGO/GO-Based Adsorbents
3. H2S Removal Application
4. Removal Mechanism
5. Challenges and Strategies
6. Conclusion
References
3D Graphene for Removal of Inorganic Pollutants
1. Introduction
1.1 Categorizing Inorganic Pollutants
2. Conventional Remediation Techniques
2.1 Biological Processes
2.2 Chemical Processes
2.3 Physical Processes
3. 3DG Architecture
4. 3DG for Removal of Inorganic Pollutants
4.1 3DG Adsorption Technology
4.2 3DG with Synergistic Effects of Adsorption and Photocatalysis
5. Conclusion
References
3D Graphene Structures for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues
1. Introduction
2. Pharmaceutical Pollution
3. Classification and Harmful Effects of Pharmaceuticals
4. Occurrence and Sources of Pharmaceuticals
5. Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals
6. 3D Graphene Structures for Pharmaceutical Adsorption
7. Graphene Aerogel
8. Graphene Hydrogel
9. Graphene Beads
10. Other Structures
11. Conclusion and Outlook
References
3D Graphene for Metal-Ion Batteries
1. Introduction
2. Overview of the Types of Metal-Ion Battery
2.1 Alkaline Metal-Ion Battery
2.2 Alkali Earth Metal
3. Overview of 3D Graphene Material with Its Fabrication Method and Structure in the Current Metal-Ion Battery Technology
3.1 Cvd
3.2 Hummer’s Method and Modified Hummer’s Method
3.3 Hydrothermal
3.4 Freeze-Drying
3.5 Calcination
3.6 Annealing
3.7 Solvothermal
3.8 Pyrolysis
3.9 Facile Spray Drying
4. Recent Research Regarding 3D Graphene in Metal-Ion Batteries—in Terms of Performance
4.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries
4.2 Lithium Ion-Sulphur
4.3 Aluminium Batteries
4.4 Potassium Batteries
4.5 Sodium-Ion Battery
5. Conclusion, Challenges, and Future Prospects
References
3D Graphene for Metal–Air Batteries
1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of 3D Graphene
2.1 Chemical Reduction Self-Assembly Method
2.2 Hydrothermal Reduction Self-Assembly Method
2.3 Freeze-Drying Self-Assembly Method
2.4 Template Self-Assembly Method
2.5 3D Printing Method
3. Properties of 3D Graphene
4. Functional Modifications
4.1 Heteroatom Doping
4.2 Single Dispersion of Metal Atoms
4.3 Compositing with Other Active Species
5. Recent Developments in Metal–Air Batteries
6. Conclusions and Perspectives
References
3D Graphene for Flexible Batteries
1. Introduction
2. Preparation of 3D Graphene Electrodes
3. Design of Flexible Batteries
4. 3D Graphene Electrodes for Flexible Metal-Ion Batteries
4.1 3D Graphene Electrodes for Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries
4.2 3D Graphene Electrodes for Flexible Sodium-Ion Batteries
4.3 3D Graphene Electrodes for Flexible Other Metal-Ion Batteries
5. 3D Graphene Electrodes for Flexible Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
6. 3D Graphene Electrodes for Flexible Metal-Air Batteries
7. Challenges and Perspectives for Future Research
References
Recent Development in 3D Graphene for Wearable and Flexible Batteries
1. Introduction
2. Structures, Properties, and Methods
3. Applications
3.1 Li–Ion Batteries
3.2 Na-Ion Batteries
3.3 Li–S Batteries
3.4 Zn-Ion and Zn–Air Batteries
3.5 Other Batteries
4. Challenges and Perspectives
References
3D Graphene for High-Performance Supercapacitors
1. Introduction
2. 3D Graphene: Synthesis and Functionalization
2.1 Synthesis of 3D Graphene
2.2 Functionalization of 3D Graphene
3. Fundamentals of Supercapacitors
3.1 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors
3.2 Pseudocapacitors
3.3 Hybrid Capacitors
4. 3D Graphene-Based Supercapacitors
5. 3D Graphene-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
6. Conclusion and Outlook
References
3D Graphene for Photovoltaics
1. Introduction
2. 3D-G in DSSC
3. 3D-G in QDSCs
4. Conclusions
References
3D Graphene for Fuel Cells
1. Introduction
2. 3D Graphene Based Aerogel Application in Fuel Cell
3. 3D Graphene‐Based Hydrogel Application in Fuel Cell
4. 3D Graphene‐Based Foam in Fuel Cell
5. Challenges and Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
References
3D Graphene as Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
1. Introduction
2. Electrochemical Water Splitting Mechanism
3. Properties of 3D Graphene for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
4. 3D Graphene as an Electrocatalyst for Water Splitting
4.1 Heteroatom Doping by Non-metals
5. 3D Graphene as Electrocatalysts Support
5.1 3D Graphene/Metals
5.2 3D Graphene/Dichalcogenides
5.3 3D Graphene/Phosphides
5.4 Others
6. Self-Supported 3D Graphene Electrodes
7. Conclusion and Outlook
References
3D Graphene as a Photocatalyst for Water Splitting
1. Introduction
2. Properties of 3D Graphene
2.1 Surface Area
2.2 Electrical Conductivity
2.3 Thermal Properties
2.4 Mechanical Stability
2.5 Other Properties
3. Methods for 3D Graphene Synthesis
3.1 Hydrothermal Method
3.2 CVD
3.3 Self-Assembly Method
4. Current Progress in Water-Splitting Applications
5. Summary
References
3D Graphene for Flexible Electronics
1. Introduction
2. 3D Graphene for Flexible Electronic Applications
2.1 3D Graphene for Sensor Applications
2.2 3D Graphene for Energy Storage Applications
3. Conclusion
References
3D Graphene for Capacitive De-ionization of Water
1. Why CDI?
2. CDI Technology in Brief
2.1 Electrode Material: A Key Component
3. 3D Structures in Water Treatment: Advantages and Challenges
3.1 3D Graphene-Based Electrodes
3.2 3D Graphene Composite with Carbonaceous Material
3.3 3D Graphene Composites with Non-carbonaceous Material
4. Future Perspective
References
The Evolution of 3D Graphene and Its Derivatives for Theranostic Applications
1. Introduction
1.1 Strengths of Graphene
2. Classification and Fabrication of Common Graphene-Based Theranostic Modalities
2.1 Graphene-Based Metallic Nanocomposites
2.2 Graphene-Based Quantum Dots
2.3 Graphene-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites
2.4 Graphene-Based Liposomal Nanocomposites
2.5 Graphene-Based Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and CNT-Hybrids
2.6 Graphene Nanocrystal Hybrids
2.7 Graphene-Based Biosensors
3. Novel Graphene-Based Nanocomposites
4. Biocompatibility
5. Theranostic Applications of 3D Graphene
5.1 Imaging-Based Theranostics
5.2 Therapy-Enabling Applications
5.3 Application in Drug Delivery
6. Challenges and Shortcomings
7. Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Toxicity, Stability, Recycling, and Risk Assessments
1. Introduction
2. Toxicity and Exposure Route of Graphene-Based Nanoparticles
2.1 Respiratory Exposure
2.2 Oral Exposure
2.3 Cutaneous Exposure
2.4 Intravenous Exposure
3. Biological Fate of Graphene Materials
4. Toxicity Mechanism
4.1 Risk Assessment Methods
4.2 Optimal Physical and Chemical Properties
4.3 Surface Functionalization
4.4 Modified Degradation
5. Stability and Sustainability of 3D Graphene
6. Conclusion and Future Prospects
References