3D and 4D printing in biomedical applications. Process engineering and additive manufacturing

✍ Scribed by Mohammed Maniruzzaman (editor)

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 493
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 3D/4D Printing in Additive Manufacturing: Process Engineering and Novel Excipients
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Process of 3D and 4D Printing Technology
1.3 3D/4D Printing for Biomedical Applications
1.4 Smart or Responsive Materials for 4D Biomedical Printing
1.5 Classification of 3D and 4D Printing Technologies
1.5.1 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) – Extrusion‐Based Systems
1.5.2 Powder Bed Printing (PBP) – Droplet‐Based Systems
1.5.3 Stereolithographic (SLA) Printing – Resin‐Based Systems
1.5.4 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Printing – Laser‐Based Systems
1.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 2 3D and 4D Printing Technologies: Innovative Process Engineering and Smart Additive Manufacturing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Types of 3D Printing Technologies
2.2.1 Stereolithographic 3D Printing (SLA)
2.2.2 Powder‐Based 3D Printing
2.2.3 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
2.2.4 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
2.2.5 Semisolid Extrusion (EXT) 3D Printing
2.2.6 Thermal Inkjet Printing
2.3 FDM 3D Printing Technology
2.3.1 FDM 3D Printing Applications in Unit Dose Fabrications and Medical Implants
2.4 Hot Melt Extrusion Technique to Produce 3D Printing Polymeric Filaments
2.5 Smart Medical Implants Integrated with Sensors
2.5.1 Examples of Medical Implants with Sensors
2.6 4D Printing and Future Perspectives
2.6.1 4D Printing and Its Transition in Material Fabrication
2.6.2 Shape Memory or Stimuli‐Responsive Mechanism of 4D Printing
2.6.3 Factors Affecting 4D Printing
2.6.3.1 Humidity‐Responsive Materials
2.6.3.2 Temperatures
2.6.3.3 Electronic and Magnetic Stimuli
2.6.3.4 Light
2.6.4 Future Perspectives of 4D Printing
2.7 Regulatory Aspects
2.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 3D Printing: A Case of ZipDose® Technology – World's First 3D Printing Platform to Obtain FDA Approval for a Pharmaceutical Product
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Terminology
3.3 Historical Context for This Form of 3D Printing
3.4 ZipDose® Technology
3.5 3D Printing Machines and Pharmaceutical Process Design
3.5.1 Overview
3.5.2 Generalized Process in the Pharmaceutical Context
3.5.3 Exemplary 3DP Machine Designs
3.6 Development of SPRITAM®
3.6.1 Product Concept and Need
3.6.2 Regulatory Approach
3.6.3 Introduction of the Technology to FDA
3.6.4 Target Product Profile
3.6.5 Synopsis of Formulation and Clinical Development
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Manufacturing of Biomaterials via a 3D Printing Platform
4.1 Additive Manufacturing and Bioprinting
4.2 Bioinks
4.2.1 Printability Control – Bioink Composition and Environmental Factors
4.2.2 Mechanisms for Filament Formation and Stability
4.3 3D Bioprinting Systems
4.3.1 Multifaceted Systems
4.3.2 Major Components
4.3.3 Pneumatic Printhead
4.3.4 Mechanical Displacement Printhead
4.3.5 Inkjet Printhead
4.3.6 Heated and Cooled Printheads
4.3.7 High‐Temperature Extruder
4.3.8 Multimaterial Printhead
4.3.9 Heated and Cooled Printbed
4.3.10 Clean Chamber Technology
4.3.11 Video‐Capture Printhead and Sensors
4.3.12 Integrated Intelligence
4.4 Applications
4.4.1 Internal Architecture
4.4.2 Integrated Vascular Networks and Microstructure Patterning
4.4.3 Personalized Medicine
4.5 Steps Necessary for Broader Application
References
Chapter 5 Bioscaffolding: A New Innovative Fabrication Process
5.1 Introduction: From Bioscaffolding to Bioprinting
5.2 Scaffolding
5.2.1 Properties of Scaffolds
5.2.2 Bioprinters vs Common 3D Printers: Approaches for Extrusion of Polymers
5.2.3 Comparing Cell Seeding Techniques to 3D Bioprinting or Cell‐Laden Hydrogels
5.2.3.1 From Printing to Bioprinting
5.2.3.2 Approaches of Stabilizing Printed Constructs
5.2.4 Examples/Applications of Cell‐Seeded Scaffolds
5.2.5 Data Processing of 3D CAD Data for Bioscaffolds
5.3 Bioprinted Scaffolds
5.3.1 Bioinks
5.3.2 Tools for Multimaterial Printing
5.3.3 Multimaterial Scaffold
5.3.4 Core–Shell Scaffolds
5.3.5 Additional Technical Equipment
5.3.6 Piezoelectric Pipetting Technology
5.3.7 Usage of Piezoelectric Inkjet Technology with Bioscaffolds
5.4 Applications of Bioscaffolder and Bioprinting Systems
5.4.1 Individualized Implants and Tissue Constructs
5.4.2 Green Bioprinting
5.4.3 Challenges for Clinical Applications of Bioprinted Scaffolds in Tissue and Organ Engineering
5.4.4 4D Printing
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Potential of 3D Printing in Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery and Manufacturing
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery
6.3 Conventional Manufacturing vs 3D Printing
6.4 Advanced Applications for Improved Drug Delivery
6.5 Instrumentations
6.6 Location of 3D Printing Manufacturing
6.6.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
6.6.2 At the Point of Care
6.6.3 Print‐at‐Home
6.7 Regulatory Aspects
6.8 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Emerging 3D Printing Technologies to Develop Novel Pharmaceutical Formulations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 FDM 3D Printing
7.3 Pressure‐Assisted Microsyringe
7.4 SLA 3D Printing
7.5 Powder Bed 3D Printing
7.6 SLS 3D Printing
7.7 3D Inkjet Printing
7.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Modulating Drug Release from 3D Printed Pharmaceutical Products
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pharmaceutically Used 3D Printing Processes and Techniques
8.2.1 Process Flow of 3D Printing Processes
8.2.2 Inkjet‐Based Printing Technologies
8.2.3 Extrusion‐Based Printing Techniques
8.2.4 Laser‐Based Techniques
8.3 Modifying the Drug Release Profile from 3D Printed Dosage Forms
8.3.1 Approaches to Modify the Drug Release
8.3.2 Modifying the Drug Release by Formulation Variation
8.3.2.1 Fused Filament Fabrication
8.3.2.2 Other Printing Techniques
8.3.3 Manipulating the Dosage Form Geometry as a Means to Modify API Release
8.3.3.1 Fused Filament Fabrication
8.3.3.2 Drop‐on‐Drop Printing
8.3.4 Dissolution Control via Directed Diffusion and Compartmentalization
8.3.4.1 Drop‐on‐Powder Printing
8.3.4.2 Fused Filament Fabrication
8.3.4.3 Printing with Pressure‐Assisted Microsyringes
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Novel Excipients and Materials Used in FDM 3D Printing of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biodegradable Polyester
9.2.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
9.2.2 Poly(𝛆‐caprolactone) (PCL)
9.3 Polyvinyl Polymer
9.3.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
9.3.2 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
9.3.3 Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
9.3.4 Soluplus
9.4 Cellulosic Polymers
9.4.1 Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC)
9.4.2 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC)
9.4.3 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS)
9.5 Polymethacrylate‐Based Polymers
9.5.1 Eudragit RL/RS
9.5.2 Eudragit L100‐55
9.5.3 Eudragit E 100
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Recent Advances of Novel Materials for 3D/4D Printing in Biomedical Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials for 3DP
10.3 Rheology
10.4 Ceramics for 3D Printing
10.5 Polymers and Biopolymers for 3D Printing
10.5.1 Polylactide (PLA)
10.5.2 Poly(𝛆‐caprolactone) (PCL)
10.5.3 Hyaluronic Acid
10.6 4D Printing
10.6.1 Bioprinting
10.6.2 Smart or Intelligent Materials
10.6.2.1 Thermal Stimuli‐Induced Transformation
10.6.2.2 Hydrogel
10.7 3D and 4D Printed Bone Scaffolds with Novel Materials
10.7.1 3DP/4DP for Drug Delivery and Bioprinting
10.7.2 Polyurethane‐Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
10.8 Future and Prospects
References
Chapter 11 Personalized Polypills Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Polypharmacy and Polypills
11.2.1 Clinical Evidence and Current State of the Art
11.2.2 Future Personalization
11.3 FDM 3D Printing of Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms
11.3.1 Basic Principle of FDM 3D Printing
11.3.2 Printing Parameter Control
11.3.3 Drug‐Loading Methods
11.4 Key Challenges in the Development of FDM 3D Printed Personalized Polypills
11.4.1 Printable Pharmaceutical Materials
11.4.2 Printing Precision and Printer Redesign
11.4.3 Regulatory Barriers for Personalized Polypill Printing
11.5 Conclusions and Future Remarks
References
Chapter 12 3D Printing of Metallic Cellular Scaffolds for Bone Implants
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Metal 3D Printing Techniques for Bone Implants
12.2.1 Selective Laser Melting
12.2.2 Selective Electron Beam Melting
12.3 Biometals for Bone Implants
12.3.1 Nondegradable Biometals
12.3.2 Biodegradable Biometals
12.3.3 3D Printing of Biometals
12.3.3.1 Ti–6Al–4V ELI Alloy
12.3.3.2 CoCrMo Alloy
12.3.3.3 Stainless Steel 316L Alloy
12.3.3.4 NiTi Shape Memory Alloy
12.3.3.5 Tantalum
12.3.3.6 Mg and Its Alloy
12.4 Cellular Structure Design
12.4.1 Stochastic and Reticulated Cellular Design
12.4.2 Bend‐ and Stretch‐Dominated Cellular Design
12.4.3 Scaffold Design Feasibility
12.5 Outlook
References
Chapter 13 3D and 4D Scaffold‐Free Bioprinting
13.1 Introduction
13.2 3D Scaffold‐Free Bioprinting
13.2.1 Principles
13.2.2 Spheroid Optimization
13.2.3 3D Bioprinting
13.2.4 Decannulation and Functional Assessment
13.3 4D Bioprinting
13.3.1 Properties of “Smart” Materials
13.3.2 General Approaches
13.3.2.1 “Smart” Scaffolds
13.3.2.2 In Vivo Bioprinting
13.3.2.3 Hybrid Techniques
13.3.3 4D Bioprinting Technologies
13.3.4 Applications
13.3.5 Limitations and Future Directions
13.4 4D Scaffold‐Free Bioprinting
13.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14 4D Printing and Its Biomedical Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 3D Printing Technologies with Potential for 4D Printing
14.2.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
14.2.2 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
14.2.3 Inkjet
14.2.4 Projection Stereolithography (pSLA)
14.3 Soft Active Materials for 4D Printing
14.3.1 Shape Memory Polymers
14.3.2 Hydrogels
14.3.3 Other SAMs
14.4 Biomedical Applications of 4D Printing
14.4.1 Temperature‐Actuated 4D Printing
14.4.2 Humidity‐Actuated 4D Printing
14.5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 15 Current Trends and Challenges in Biofabrication Using Biomaterials and Nanomaterials: Future Perspectives for 3D/4D Bioprinting
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biofabrication as a Multidisciplinary to Interdisciplinary Research Field
15.3 Biofabrication as a Multifaceted Approach
15.4 Biofabrication Beyond Biomedical Pharmaceutical Applications
15.5 The Diversity of Techniques Used in Biofabrication
15.6 Natural Resources as Sources of Biomaterials Useful for Biofabrication
15.7 Nanomaterials as Much More Than Just New Building Blocks for Biofabrication
15.8 3D Bioprinting as the New Gold Standard for Biofabrication
15.9 When 3D Bioprinting Is Not Sufficient for Bioconstruction: 4D Bioprinting
15.10 An Overview About Current Bottlenecks in Biofabrication
15.10.1 Does 3D Model Matter in Biofabrication?
15.10.2 Does Size and Time Matter in Biofabrication?
15.10.3 Do Choice Materials and Cells Matters in Biofabrication?
15.10.4 Does Maturation of the Bioconstructs Matter in Biofabrication?
15.10.5 Do Characterization Methods Matters in Biofabrication?
15.10.6 Does Economic and Social Impact Matter Biofabrication?
15.10.7 Does Ethical and Legal Issues Matter in Biofabrication?
15.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Orthopedic Implant Design and Analysis: Potential of 3D/4D Bioprinting
16.1 Orthopedic Implant Design with 3D Printing
16.1.1 Bone Properties and Orthopedic Implants
16.1.2 3D Printing and Porous Implant Design
16.2 Analysis of 3D Printed Orthopedic Implants
16.2.1 Mechanical Properties of Porous Structures
16.2.2 Experimental Testing of 3D Printed Femoral Stems
16.2.3 Finite Element Analysis of Porous Stems with 3D Printing
16.3 3D Printed Orthopedic Implant Installation and Instrumentation
16.4 Orthopedic Implants Manufactured with 4D Printing
16.5 Summary
References
Chapter 17 Recent Innovations in Additive Manufacturing Across Industries: 3D Printed Products and FDA's Perspectives
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Current Widely Used Processes Across Industries
17.2.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
17.2.2 Stereolithography (SLA) and Digital Light Processing (DLP)
17.2.3 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
17.3 Emerging 3D Printing Processes and Technologies
17.3.1 Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP)
17.3.2 Multi Jet Fusion (MJF)
17.4 Industry Uses of Additive Manufacturing Technologies
17.5 Material and Processes for Medical and Motorsport Sectors
17.6 Medical Industry Usage and Materials Development
17.7 3D Printing of Medical Devices: FDA's Perspectives
17.7.1 FDA's Role in 3D Printing of Materials
17.7.2 Classifications of Medical Devices from FDA's Viewpoint
17.7.3 Medical Applications of 3D Printing and FDA's Expectations
17.7.4 Person‐Specific Devices
17.7.5 Process of 3D Printing of Various Medical Devices
17.7.6 Materials Used in 3D Printed Devices Overall
17.7.7 Materials Used in Specific Application (Printed Dental Devices)
17.8 Conclusions
References
Index
EULA