2D Semiconducting Materials for Electronic, Photonic, and Optoelectronic Devices

✍ Scribed by Anuj Kumar (editor), Ram K. Gupta (editor)

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 335
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Two-dimensional semiconducting materials (2D-SCMs) are the subject of intensive study in the fields of photonics and optoelectronics because of their unusual optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The main objective of 2D Semiconducting Materials for Electronic, Photonic, and Optoelectronic Devices is to provide current, state-of-the-art knowledge of two-dimensional semiconducting materials for various applications. Two-dimensional semiconducting materials are the basic building blocks for making photodiodes, light-emitting diodes, light-detecting devices, data storage, telecommunications, and energy-storage devices. When it comes to two-dimensional semiconducting materials, electronic, photonic, and optoelectronic applications, as well as future plans for improving performance, no modern book covers as much ground. The planned book will fill such gaps by offering a comprehensive analysis of two-dimensional semiconducting materials.

This book covers a range of advanced 2D materials, their fundamentals, and the chemistry for many emerging applications. All the chapters are covered by experts in these areas around the world, making this a suitable textbook for students and providing new guidelines to researchers and industries.

• Covers topics such as fundamentals and advanced knowledge of two-dimensional semiconducting materials

• Provides details about the recent methods used for the synthesis, characterization, and applications of two-dimensional semiconducting materials

• Covers the state-of-the-art development in two-dimensional semiconducting materials and their emerging applications

This book provides directions to students, scientists, and researchers in semiconductors and related disciplines to help them better understand the physics, characteristics, and applications of 2D semiconductors.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
1. Fundamentals of 2D Semiconducting Materials
1.1 Introduction
1.2 2D Semiconducting Materials Beyond Graphene
1.2.1 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
1.2.2 Hexagonal Boron Nitride as Promising 2D SCM for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices
1.2.3 Understanding the Role of BP in 2D SCM-Based Optoelectronic Devices
1.2.4 2D Semiconducting MXenes for Optoelectronics and Related Electronic Devices
1.3 Do Heterostructures of 2D SCMs Hold the Key to Unlocking New Potential in Optoelectronics and Related Device Applications?
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Synthesis and Characterization of 2D-Semiconducting Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis
2.2.1 Top-Down Approach
2.2.2 Bottom-up Approach
2.3 Characterization Techniques
2.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction
2.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy
2.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy
2.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy
2.3.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
2.3.6 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
2.3.7 Electrical Characterization
2.3.8 Optical Characterization
2.3.9 Thermal Characterization
2.4 Perspective and Conclusion Perspective
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. Synthesis and Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots
3.1 Graphene Quantum Dots
3.2 Synthesis of GQDs
3.2.1 Oxidative Cleavage
3.2.2 Hydrothermal Method
3.2.3 Solvothermal Method
3.2.4 Ultrasound Method
3.2.5 Electrochemical Oxidation
3.2.6 Continuous or Batch Hydrothermal for Bottom-Up Synthesis
3.2.7 Ambient Pyrolysis
3.3 Applications of GQDs
3.3.1 Solar Cells
3.3.2 Photocatalysis
3.3.3 Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
3.3.4 Optical Applications
3.4 Summary
References
4. Wide Bandgap 2D Semiconductors and Their Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Wide Bandgap 2D Materials: A New Horizon
4.1.2 Applications of Wide Bandgap 2D Materials
4.1.3 Importance and Significance
4.1.4 Properties of Wide Bandgap 2D Semiconductor Materials
4.1.5 Optoelectronic Applications
4.1.6 2D Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Biosensing and Switching Applications
4.1.7 Energy and Power Electronics
4.2 Emerging Applications
4.3 Challenges and Future Prospects
4.3.1 Fabrication and Scalability Challenges
4.3.2 Environmental Sensitivity
4.3.3 Heterostructure Integration
4.3.4 Defects and Quality Control
4.3.5 Novel Applications and Multidisciplinary Collaboration
4.3.6 Sustainable Growth and Commercialization
4.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
5. Interfacial Properties and Geometry of 2D Semiconducting Materials
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Consequences of Interfacial Properties and Geometry of Different Kinds of 2D Semiconductors
5.3 Applications of Multiple 2D Semiconducting Layers
5.3.1 Field-Effect Transistors
5.3.2 Photodetectors and Photovoltaics
5.3.3 Optoelectronics and Light Emission
5.3.4 Sensing Applications
5.3.5 Catalysis
5.3.6 Flexible and Transparent Electronics
5.3.7 Memory Devices
5.3.8 Spintronics
5.3.9 Thermal Interface Materials
5.3.10 Energy Storage
5.4 Characterization Techniques and Approaches for Dealing with Interfacial Properties and Geometry of 2D Semiconducting Layers
5.5 Summary
References
6. Molecular Orbital Delocalization and Stacking Effect on 2D Semiconducting Materials
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Stacking in Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Materials
6.2.1 AA and AB Stacking Effect
6.2.2 Vertical and Lateral Stacking Effect
6.3 Delocalization in Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Materials
6.3.1 Effect of π-Bonding in 2D Semiconducting Materials
6.3.2 Effect of Low Dimensionality in 2D Semiconducting Materials
6.3.3 Quantum Effects in 2D Semiconducting Materials
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Properties of 2D Semiconducting Materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Optical Properties
7.2.1 Linear Optical Properties
7.2.2 Nonlinear Optical Properties
7.2.3 Photodetectors
7.2.4 Laser
7.2.5 Effect of Strain
7.3 Electrical Properties of 2D-SCMs
7.4 Thermal Properties of 2D-SCMs
7.5 Mechanical Properties of 2D-SCMs
7.6 Conclusion
References
8. Optical, Electrical, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of 2D Semiconducting Materials
8.1 Optical Property of Two-dimensional Semiconductors
8.1.1 Excitons and Trions
8.1.2 Biexciton and Trion–Exciton Complexes
8.1.3 Interlayer Exciton and Moiré Exciton in vdWs Heterostructures
8.2 Electrical Properties of Two-Dimensional Semiconductors and Their Tunability
8.2.1 Electrical Performance of TMDC Field-Effect Transistors
8.2.2 Tuning the Carrier Density of TMDCs via Molecular Doping
8.2.3 Tuning the Electrical Performance of TMDCs via Electrochemical Gating and Intercalation
8.2.4 Structural Evolution and Phase Transition Induced by Intercalation
8.3 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Two-Dimensional Semiconductors
8.3.1 Approaches to Measure the Thermal Property
8.3.2 Electrochemical Thermal Transistor
8.3.3 Ultrahigh Thermal Isolation across vdWs Heterostructures
8.3.4 Mechanical Properties of TMDCs and vdWs Heterostructures
References
9. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Devices
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 What Is a MOS?
9.1.2 Diagrams of the Energy Band and Block Charge
9.2 Synthesis of MOSs
9.2.1 Vapor-Phase Growth Methods
9.2.2 Liquid-Phase Method
9.3 MOS Device
9.3.1 MOS as the Thin-Film Transistor Materials
9.3.2 MOS as a Power Device
9.3.3 MOS as a Sensing Device
9.3.4 Gas Sensor Using MOS
9.3.5 MOS as a Photocatalyst
9.3.6 MOSs as a Photovoltaic Material
9.3.7 MOS as a Photodetector
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. Progress in Two-dimensional Ferroelectrics and Potential Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 State-of-the-Art
10.3 Classification of 2D Ferroelectric Materials
10.3.1 Intrinsic Ferroelectricity
10.3.2 Extrinsic Ferroelectricity
10.3.3 Multiferroics
10.4 Phenomenological Theory and Ab Initio Calculations
10.5 Potential Applications
10.5.1 Ferroelectric Tunnel Junctions
10.5.2 Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistors
10.5.3 Neuromorphic Computing
10.5.4 Spintronics
10.5.5 Valleytronics
10.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook
Bibliography
11. Logic Devices Based on 2D Semiconducting Materials
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Logic Structure and Properties of 2D-SCM Devices
11.2.1 Logic Structure of 2D-SCM Devices
11.2.2 Properties of 2D-SCM Devices
11.3 Carrier Transport of 2D-SCM Logic Devices
11.3.1 Scattering Mechanism
11.3.2 Interface Engineering
11.3.3 Mobility Model
11.4 Electrical Contact and Doping of 2D-SCM
11.4.1 Contact Resistance
11.4.2 Phase Change Contact
11.4.3 Grid-Voltage Control Contact
11.4.4 Tunneling Contact
11.5 Logic and Memory Devices/Circuits Based on 2D-SCM
11.5.1 Logic Integrated Circuit
11.5.2 Memory Circuit
11.5.3 Process Integration
Acknowledgments
References
12. Memristors Based on 2D Semiconducting Materials
12.1 Introduction
12.2D-SCMs for Memristors
12.2.1 Metal Chalcogenides
12.2.2 Other 2D-SCMs
12.3 Fabrication of 2D-SCM Memristors
12.3.1 Substrate and BE
12.3.2 RS Layer
12.3.3 Top Electrode
12.4 Physical Mechanism for RS in 2D-SCM-Based Memristors
12.4.1 Filamentary RS
12.4.2 Interface-Type RS
12.4.3 Other Switching Mechanisms
12.5 Outlook
References
13. Other Sensors Based on 2D Semiconducting Materials
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Electrochemical Sensor
13.3 Photoelectrochemical Sensor
13.4 Semiconductor Gas Sensor
13.5 Conclusion and Prospect
References
14. Telecommunications Devices Based on 2D Semiconducting Materials
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Synthesis
14.3 Various 2D Materials with Their Application
14.3.1 Graphene
14.3.2 Hexagonal Boron Nitride
14.3.3 MXenes
14.3.4 Metal Chalcogenides
14.3.5 Phosphorene
14.3.6 2D-perovskite
14.4 Challenges
14.5 Conclusion
References
15. Chips Based on 2D Semiconducting Materials
15.1 Introduction to Semiconductor Chip Technology
15.1.1 Primary Chips Manufactured by Semiconductor Companies
15.1.2 Silicon Wafer Manufacturing
15.2 Moore’s Law for Semiconductor Chip Technology
15.2.1 Sub-10 nm Technology
15.2.2 Sub 5 nm Technologies
15.2.3 Sub 2 nm Technology
15.2.4 Roadmap to 1 nm and sub 1 nm
15.3 Chips Based on 2D Semiconducting Materials
15.3.1 Prospective 2D Semiconducting Materials for Chips Manufacturing
15.3.2 Electronic Devices and Functionalities of 2D SCMs
15.3.3 Growth and Performance Challenges of 2D Semiconducting Chips
15.4 Conclusion
References
16. 2D Semiconductors for Electrochemical Energy Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Synthesis and Characterization of 2D Semiconductors
16.3 Electrochemical Energy Applications of 2D Semiconductors
16.3.1 2D Semiconductors for Supercapacitors
16.3.2 2D Semiconductors for Batteries
16.3.3 2D Semiconductors for Fuel Cells
16.3.4 2D Semiconductors for Solar Cells
16.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
17. Solar-Rechargeable Energy Conversion/Storage Systems: Overview of 2D Nanomaterials
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Solar Cells
17.3 Optical Supercapacitors
17.4 Photo-Rechargeable Batteries
17.5 Conclusion
References
18. Energy Generation Devices Based on 2D-Semiconducting Materials
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Energy Applications Using Chalcogenides
18.2 Photovoltaics Device Construction
18.3 Performance Metrics Associated with Photovoltaic Systems
18.4 Challenges in Chalcogenide Photovoltaics
18.5 Emerging Progress and Current Trends in Chalcogenide Photovoltaics Research
18.5.1 Thermoelectric Chalcogenides
References
19. Electrical Energy Storage Devices Based on 2D Semiconducting Materials
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Unique Properties of 2D-SCMs
19.2.1 High Surface Area
19.2.2 Tunable Bandgap
19.2.3 Mechanical Flexibility
19.2.4 Excellent Charge Transport Properties
19.3 Electrochemical Properties of 2D-SCMs in Energy Storage
19.3.1 Charge Storage Capabilities of the 2D-SCMs
19.3.2 Redox Properties of SCMs
19.3.3 Catalytic/Electrocatalytic Properties of 2D-SCMs
19.4 Classification of 2D-SCMs for Energy Storage Applications
19.4.1 Graphene
19.4.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
19.4.3 MXenes
19.4.4 Black Phosphorus
19.4.5 Layered Transition Metal Oxides
19.4.6 Boron Nitride
19.4.7 2D–2D Semiconductor Hetero Junctions for Energy Storage
19.5 Electroanalytical Tools Applicable to Understand the Energy Storage Capability of 2D-SCMs
19.5.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
19.5.2 Chronoamperometry
19.5.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
19.5.4 Galvanostatic/Galvanodynamic Techniques
19.5.5 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
19.6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
20. Two-Dimensional (2D) Semiconductors for Solar to Hydrogen Fuel
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Graphene-Based Materials
20.3 Boron Nitride
20.4 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
20.5 LDH Materials
20.6 Metal Oxides
20.7 2D Metal Oxyhalide-Based Photocatalysts
20.8 MXenes and MXenes-Based Photocatalysts
20.9 Scope and Future Perspectives
References
21. 2D Semiconductors for Next-Generation Thermoelectric Materials
21.1 Background
21.2 The Potential of 2D Materials for TE Applications
21.2.1 Graphene
21.2.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
21.2.3 MXene
21.2.4 Silicene
21.2.5 Phosphorenes
21.3 Limitations of 2D SCM
21.4 Conclusion
References
Index