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changes in CO, THC, NO,, CO2 and particulate matter emissions: The research programme was developed in two steps. First one, developed in Bogo~, involved a fleet test with 15 public service buses that normally operate in Bogotgt's Savannah, using a portable emissions sampling technology developed for ERMD (DOES2) and following a representative transient driving cycle. Second step, carried out in ERMD's Heavy-Duty Engine Emissions laboratory in Ottawa, tested a 1995 caterpillar 3406E 324,5 kW (435 HP) diesel truck engine on the same samples of Colombian diesel fuels used in the fleet tests performed in BogotA, baselining the tests with a Canadian commercial low sulfur diesel fuel. The two commercial Colombian diesel fuels used had the following properties: high sulfur diesel (HSD), with 3000 ppm (0.3 wt%) of sulfur and a final boiling point (FBP) of 633 K and the new reformulated diesel fuel, with 1000 ppm (0.1 wt%) of sulfur and FBP of 613 K, which is currently been distributed in Bogota. Fleet test show small reduction on CO, THC and TPM, and small increments on CO~ and NO,, but with not statistically significant results, while engine testing shows an strong reduction of 40.8% in TPM when you use the new reformulated diesel fuel (0.1 wt% of sulfur) instead of high sulfur diesel.
Bode, S. et al. Energy Policy, 2006, 34, {6), 680 691. In the context of controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the directive on a Europe-wide trading scheme may be perceived as one of the most important milestones in recent years. Prior to its start, however, a number of very specific design features have to be agreed upon. Regarding the allocation of allowances, a distribution (almost) free of charge seems to be the most likely choice. An aspect that has interestingly attracted little attention in the past is the question of how to allocate emission rights over time. The following paper analyses different allocation options in multi-period emissions trading that are currently discussed in the European context. The options are applied for the electricity sector, which is simulated over two periods. The paper distinguishes between a market effect of emissions trading and compliance costs for meeting the emission reduction obligation. The market effect results from a price increase which is due to the fact that opportunity costs for using allowances must be considered. It turns out that the electricity sector as a whole gains from the introduction of the instrument due to the increase of the electricity price. With regard to the different allocation options, it is found that utilities have different preferences depending on the fuel used.
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12 Refractories~ceramics (properties, production, applications) comparable to previous studies. The results show that power production and the optimum tip speed ratio reduced with yaw except for cases with high blade inflow angles.