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10 Engines (power generation and propulsion, electrical vehicles) anular flow, simulating a coal transport flow, into much larger turbulent flow structures, causing increased residence times in the pre-ignition region. Particle-imaging techniques in a non-reacting flow show that, in the pre-ignition region, the motion of the smaller particles (~30 pm) are affected by the large flow structures and form clusters with long residence times. Flame stability improvements are attributed to increased particle heating rates in the clusters by radiation due to increased absorptivity and increased residence time in the near burner zone. The NO, reduction can be explained by the generation of large-scale particle clusters that provide local instantaneous fuel-rich combustion environments. This work demonstrates that the production of large-scale clustering effects has the potential to provide an alternative means of simultaneously controlling NO, and improving flame stability relative to existing staging techniques.
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Four commercially available coal tar pitches have been characterised through the combination of conventional techniques used for pitch characterisation, like elemental analysis and solvent fractionation, and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal analysis (thermogravimetry (TG)-differential therma